保存液pH值对马王堆古尸蛋白质保存的影响

为了检测保存液pH值对古尸蛋白质保存的影响。本实验于2002年检测了马王堆古尸保存液和对照液的pH值、总氮量、氨基酸含量,以及古尸皮肤和肌的形态结构。然后分两步调整了古尸保存液的pH值,并分别于2004年、2006年对古尸保存液和对照液进行了相同检测。结果发现保存液pH值的适当提高有助于降低保存液中总氮量和氨基酸含量,有利于古尸蛋白质的保存。     

试论西汉古尸的保存原因

1972年初在湖南长沙马王堆一号汉墓出土了一具女尸,1975年6月在湖北江陵凤凰山168号汉墓又出土了一具男尸。这二次考古学上的重要发现曾引起国内外的广泛注意,对其保存原因也进行过一些讨论。比较倾向的认识是深埋、密封在古尸的保存中起了主要的作用。本文试就这个问题进行一些探讨。一、古尸的保存情况从目前已发表的资料来看,二具古尸在年代上大体相近,在保存水平上也大体相近。现简略如下:女尸:外形完整、脏器完整。硬脑膜完好,血管结构清楚。有部分脂肪酸保存。作     

当阳赵巷4号春秋楚墓古尸头发保存情况的研究

人类毛发主要由角质蛋白构成,组织结构致密,具有相当的机械强度和弹性,能够抵抗多种蛋白分解酶的作用。在水和弱酸中角质蛋白不易溶解。因此,人类毛发能够较长时间地保存下来,成为古尸研究的重要材料之一。长沙马王堆1号汉墓古尸,距发掘时保存长达2100多年,头发的形态结构基本上与现代人相同,仅机械强度减少约75%。1988年发掘的湖北当阳赵巷4号春秋楚墓,距今已2500多年。其中5号陪棺女性古尸颅     

明矾对宣纸耐久性影响的研究

为了研究明矾对中国书画长期保存的影响,结合实际情况研究了胶矾水对宣纸的作用。通过pH值、颜色、抗张强度和耐折度的测定分析可以看出,随着胶矾水浓度的增大,宣纸的老化速率增加。从明矾浓度变化对宣纸影响的总的趋势来看,在书画保护过程中应该尽量少用明矾。     

新疆古尸

一 古尸概述 古尸是古代留存下来的没有腐烂或没有完全腐烂的人体标本。根据古尸的不同特点,科学上一般分为干尸、湿尸、腊尸和鞣尸四大类型。其中,干尸又可分为自然条件下保存下来的干尸和经过人工处理而保存下来的木乃伊(mummy)两种。新疆出土的古尸,绝大多数都是自然形成的干尸。 新疆位于我国西北,远离海洋,幅员广大,总面积达一百六十五万平方公里。它的西部,山峦起伏,高峰如林,是世界上著名的帕米尔高原,许多庞大的山系都发脉于此。它的东部,通过著名的河西走廊与中原保持着密切联系。它的中部,自北而南排列着阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山,天山以北有准噶尔盆地,天山以南为塔里木盆地,从而形成了三条大山环以两大盆地的独特地貌。由于高大的     

聚合物膜修饰电极QCM方法对博物馆环境中典型气态分子污染物甲醛的检测研究

在可以导致文物、艺术品及历史档案资料品质退化的几种环境因素中,浓度较低的气态悬浮分子污染物甲醛对文物是最具潜在破坏性影响.在光、热等物理冈素的联合作用下,其形成的复合污染对文物的破坏作用更强,而就其对不同种类文物的影响的规律性研究目前尚缺少基础数据.因此,本研究采用聚苯胺膜修饰的石英晶振片电极(简称复合电极),结合石英晶体微天平(QCM)方法,对微环境中不同浓度的甲醛进行了检测研究.研究结果表明,复合电极对甲醛有较好的响应信号,复合电极频率变化值与时间基本呈线性关系,并且随甲醛浓度的升高,复合电极频率下降速度增加,频率变化值增大.研究还发现,甲醛的浓度值与频率变化值也呈现出较好的线性关系.据此可以推算文物保存环境中挥发性气态分子污染物甲醛的含量.本方法可以对文物保存环境中甲醛浓度的变化进行实时监测,为文物保存环境质量评价提供一种新的方法和依据.     

显色液组成对二氧化氮检测结果的比较分析

用吸收采样法分析检测空气中二氧化氮时,亚硝酸根离子的显色反应直接关系到检测结果的灵敏度和检测下限。显色液的主要成分为重氮化试剂和偶合试剂。为了提高检测灵敏度和寻找优化的显色体系,本工作比较了对氨基苯磺酰胺和N-1-萘乙二胺盐酸盐组成的显色液在不同浓度比和不同酸性介质中(磷酸pH=1.5和1:1盐酸pH<0.5)对NO_2~-的显色情况。实验结果表明,当显色剂浓度适量,用磷酸为酸性介质(pH=1.5)时,短时间显色更快速灵敏。合适的显色液组成为:对氨基苯磺酰胺4g/L,N-1-萘乙二胺盐酸盐0.06g/L,磷酸28ml/L。本工作还比较了Salzman显色剂对同一标准系列亚硝酸根的测定结果,经线性回归分析得出:Salzman显色剂具有显色稳定等优点,但用于二氧化氮固体吸收剂的分析时,显色灵敏度偏低。     

纸张理化指标与老化时间的统计学分析

为了探究纸张的保存寿命,本项目对竹纸、宣纸、新闻纸、字典纸和构皮纸等5种纸张进行了干热加速老化实验,并对老化前后纸张的主要理化指标(返黄值、抗张指数、撕裂指数、耐折指数、聚合度、铜价和冷抽提pH值)进行检测。最后通过Pearson等级相关系数研究了上述理化指标与老化时间的相关性,从而揭示出纸张保存寿命预测的方法。研究发现5种纸张的抗张指数、铜价和聚合度与老化时间的相关性都较好。分别各有4种纸张的返黄值、冷抽提pH值和撕裂指数与老化时间的相关系数都在0.9以上,相关性非常好。仅有一种纸张的耐折指数与老化时间的相关性较好。本研究的结果对于大多数纸张保存寿命的预测具有参考价值。     

江陵凤凰山一六八号汉墓出土一套文书工具

最近,我国考古工作者发掘了江陵楚故都纪南城内凤凰山一六八号汉墓,发现了一具保存完好的古尸和大批随葬器物。其中一套文字书写工具,是我国考古工作的一项新收获。它对研究我国古代文化发展,了解当时社会状况,有着重要的意义。     

氰乙基壳聚糖对纸质文物加固保护的应用研究

为研究对壳聚糖进行氰乙基化改性后对纸质文物加固保护的可行性,将试验得到的壳聚糖改性产物配制成适当浓度的胶液,喷涂于纸样表面,分别进行抗张强度测试、耐折度测试、抗干热加速老化试验、光泽度测试等工作,并用FTIR进行表征。结果表明,经最佳浓度为30%的氰乙基壳聚糖胶液保护后,纸样保持了原有的质感、光泽、颜色,抗张强度提高了67%,耐折度提高了5.5倍。由此证明,氰乙基壳聚糖对纸质文物的加固保护效果明显,为天然高分子在文物保护中的应用开辟了广阔的前景。     

An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Funerary Treatment and Bacterial Bioerosion in European Archaeological Human Bone

A central problem in funerary archaeology is interpreting how the corpse was manipulated in the immediate post mortem period. The extent of bacterial bioerosion to the internal bone microstructure has been proposed as a means to infer the early post mortem history of a corpse, as it has been suggested that this form of bone diagenesis is produced by an organism's putrefactive gut bacteria. Under this model, different forms of funerary treatment would be expected to leave characteristic signatures of bioerosion in archaeological bone. Here, we tested the extent to which bacterial bioerosion of ancient human bones reflected funerary treatment, through histological analysis of 301 archaeological human bone thin sections from 25 European archaeological sites. We found that bioerosion was significantly influenced by whether a bone originated from a neonatal individual or an anoxic context. When these remains were excluded, bioerosion was controlled by archaeological phase in a manner consistent with known early post mortem treatment and forensic models of bodily decomposition. These findings suggest that microscopic analyses of bone have useful applications in reconstructions of funerary processes and provide some insight into factors that may control the persistence of organic biomolecules and fossilization.     

北方地区寺庙、殿堂壁画可溶盐活动规律的 实验室模拟研究

古代壁画的风化酥碱问题一直是壁画病害中最常见和最严重的问题之一,其主要原因是墙体中的可溶盐。了解壁画中可溶盐无机离子的特性及其活动规律可为解决古代壁画的酥碱问题提供科学参考和依据。为此,通过模拟壁画中可溶盐活动实验来揭示可溶性无机离子在壁画中的分布及活动规律。利用离子色谱仪检测分析壁画不同高度细泥层、粗泥层以及土坯层的可溶盐离子浓度。结果表明,试块细泥层中的Ca2+,Na+,和SO24-含量最高,说明这三种离子在壁画中的迁移能力最强,Cl-、NO3-、Mg2+的迁移能力居中,K+迁移能力最弱。离子迁移能力越强,在壁画表层富集程度就越高,各离子之间形成结晶盐的机率越大,对壁画破坏作用越大。本研究可为解决古代壁画盐害提供依据。     

Detection of blood proteins in ancient human bone using ELISA: A comparative study of the survival of IgG and albumin

ABSTRACT The immunological identification of species-specific blood proteins in skeletal remains has an important role in the reconstruction of ancient dietary, ritual and domestic behaviour. However, which protein provides the most suitable target for such work has not been considered previously, and the present investigation was carried out on human bone to assess the relative merits of IgG and albumin. Extracts of bone from 31 individuals (from the English Civil War, medieval, Early Saxon, Roman, Iron Age and Bronze Age periods) were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies. Albumin was detected in 23 of the 31 skeletons, including those from the Iron and Bronze Ages, whereas IgG was identified in only one; this difference was very highly significant (P < 0.0005, χ² 30.0). The better detection rate for albumin was thought to be due to its higher original blood level, inherent differences in survival pattern being considered unlikely. Testing the same extract for both proteins in the same assay system ensured that any effects due to soil factors, burial conditions, physical integrity of the bone, chronological age, amount of original specimen, method of analysis and type of reagent were the same for each part of the study, thus permitting a valid comparison of antigen survival to be made. Control samples, including fresh and ancient animal bone extracts and human and animal sera, confirmed that the results were consistent and specific, with no cross-reactivity between human and animal material, and that as little as 10 ng of protein was detectable. In summary, the investigation compared the suitability of IgG and albumin for osteoarchaeological studies using a highly specific, sensitive and versatile ELISA; the results showed that albumin was a far better target molecule for such work and that it can survive in ancient bone for long periods of time.     

说甲骨卜辞中的“伯■”

多数专家都将商末小臣墙刻辞中的"白■"理解为"白麟"。这种看法并不符合先秦古文字的特点,是有问题的。其实,小臣墙刻辞中的"白■"就是伯■,是■族之伯。其得名与■地有关。     

中国古墨与现代墨元素成分研究

对中国古墨（汉墨、明墨与清墨）与不同产地的现代墨元素成分作了对比分析。用离子背散射测定墨中常量元素C、N、O的含量,用质子激发X荧光法测定微量元素K、Ca、Ti、Cu、Fe等10种元素的含量。实验结果表明,古墨中微量元素K、Ca的含量比现代徽墨、沪墨高10倍以上,而现代徽墨与沪墨中元素N和An的含量也有明显的差别。     

对明代廖纪墓出土彩陶粉彩层的保护

通过对廖纪墓出土彩陶粉彩脱落原因和颜料成分分析,在多次实验的基础上,筛选出适宜的固色剂。经使用ＰＥＧ增加颜料致密性后再固色的保护方式,使固色后的粉彩层表面不泛光泽,平滑,触摸不掉色,保持了器物色泽的原貌,达到了保护粉彩层的理想效果。     

基于XRF与TL技术相结合的古陶瓷产地判别研究

古陶瓷产地判别一直是古陶瓷研究工作的一个重点。为了拓展产地判别的科技研究方法,本研究针对南北方4个不同窑口(越窑、建窑、耀州窑、定窑)的古陶瓷样品,首次结合采用X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)和热释光(TL)测试分析技术相互印证,测定4个窑口样品的胎釉元素组成和热释光特性,并建立相对应的数据库,相互印证判别古陶瓷样品的产地。数据库的统计分析表明:同一窑口的古陶瓷不仅在主量与微量元素化学组成具有一定的地域特征,其热释光的测量灵敏度也存在地域特征性;不同窑口的古陶瓷可以通过元素组成归类和热释光特性的不同加以区分,结合采用XRF与TL测试分析两种技术可以更准确地对古陶瓷产地进行分析判别。     

State of preservation of polymorphic plasma proteins recovered from ancient human bones

Protected by the mineral matrix, bone proteins are capable of surviving inhumation periods of several hundreds or thousands of years in soil. While the preservation of the bone matrix protein, collagen I, is the prerequisite for a variety of archaeometric approaches, such as radiocarbon dating and the reconstruction of palaeodiet by stable isotope analysis, little is known about both the rate and state of preservation of non‐collagenous proteins. We succeeded in the isolation, electrophoretic separation (SDS‐PAGE, IEF) and immunological detection (radial immunodiffusion, IEF immunoblotting and ELISA) of plasma proteins preserved in archaeological human bones. However, sample preparation and electrophoretic methods had to be adapted to the specific demands of these aged proteins, since they are not only degraded and fragmented but also cross‐linked to other organic components, either indigenous to the bone or to contaminants from the burial environment. Complex decomposition phenomena are responsible for the altered mode of migration of aged proteins through a gel. After isoelectric focusing, the ancient proteins mainly concentrate below pH 4.45 in the pH‐gradient. Thus, highly negatively charged protein components have a better chance of preservation in bone after death. Isoelectric focusing with subsequent immunoblotting of ancient protein samples revealed protein patterns which showed marked charge‐modifications in comparison with those of modern human plasma proteins due to protein degradation (e.g. α₂‐HS‐glycoprotein and α₁‐antitrypsin). Nevertheless, in combination with different immunological analyses, previous results concerning the selective enrichment of α₂‐HS‐glycoprotein in bone compared with other plasma glycoproteins could be confirmed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intra-skeletal variability in trace elemental content of Precolumbian Chupicuaro human bones: the record of post-mortem alteration and a tool for palaeodietary reconstruction

This study applies an intra-skeletal sampling strategy to examine post-mortem alteration of archaeological human bone from west Mexico, and to reconstruct ancient diet. Human bone from the Chupicuaro culture (Mexico, Preclassic period) constitutes an ideal material with which to examine subsistence strategies because the specific hydrothermal environment in which the population lived would have provided certain food components (hydrothermal waters and carbonates) with distinct signature in Ca, Mg, F, Li, Sr, Mn, V and U values. Four to ten samples were taken from the long bones of six skeletons. Bone trace element content (Ca, P, F, Mn, Mg, Na, Li, V, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Th, U) and bone alteration parameters (crystallinity, organic matter and secondary calcite content) were analysed at the intra-skeletal level. Stable isotopic signatures (bone δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O_carbonate) and histological analyses were also performed on a single bone from each individual. Results indicate that all of the skeletons were affected by post-mortem mineralogical, structural and geochemical transformations. Biological bone δ¹³C values seem preserved for most of the individuals but an increase in crystallinity accompanies depletion in bone δ¹⁸O values. The combination of bone alteration parameters with bone elemental content shows that in this very specific context, a widespread dissolution-recrystallisation is unlikely. Of the hydrothermal tracers, Sr, F and Li were of particular interest because their retention in living tissues is related to the amount ingested. The intra-skeletal Li content does not reveal any pattern but Li depletion is not excluded. In contrast, Sr and F show a progressive intra-skeletal diagenetic enrichment likely due to gradual diffusion–adsorption processes. The bones with the lowest concentrations in these elements are assumed to yield the best representative ante-mortem values. The signal extracted from each skeleton, a very unusually high bone Sr, F and Li content, is interpreted as reflecting the consumption of the local hydrothermal products, which are also enriched in these elements.