美国聚落考古学的历史与未来

聚落考古学或说聚落形态研究是第二次世界大战以后考古学领域发生的最重要的理论或方法革命,在美国考古学界,它已经成为被新考古学和后过程考古学等各个学派广泛接受的基本方法.本文回顾了聚落考古学产生的背景和发展过程,阐述了它在当代考古研究中的重大作用,并对它在今后考古学发展中的积极前景做了展望.     

性别考古与玉璜的社会学观察

一、性别考古学概述自20世纪80年代以来的考古学进展中,一项新兴的探索领域是性别考古学(genderarchaeology )。其要旨是从性别研究来进行社会考古学的研究,并对考古学中主要侧重男性的作用和忽视女性的倾向进行纠偏。这项研究并非限于     

体质人类学与古代社会研究的新进展

近年来,随着考古学资料的不断丰富、考古学研究领域的不断扩展,体质人类学与考古学的融合程度大大加深。体质人类学已不再单纯研究古今人类的体质特征及其起源、演变规律,而是开始转向研究古代社会、阐释社会复杂化进程。考古发掘的人骨资料是体质人类学     

考古材料形成过程研究与中国考古学的实践

从考古学创立之初至今,考古材料形成过程问题在人类行为、废弃过程、埋藏学、地质考古学等层面进行了诸多探索,形成了若干研究分支领域。中国考古学百年间积累了丰富的考古地层学实践经验,形成识别不同考古遗存的手段与方法。近年来也大力引介西方考古学遗址形成过程研究的成果,对这一领域研究进展的梳理和总结,可以为中国考古学提供借鉴和参考,以增强从考古材料中提炼人类行为的能力。     

考古学与人地关系研究

人地关系机理研究对于当代人类应对面临的各种环境危机、实现人类社会的可持续发展具有重大意义。考古学的研究对象包括自人类诞生以来的文化遗存和与人类有过直接和间接关系的自然遗存 ,这决定了考古学在人地关系研究领域可以发挥独特的作用。     

关于精神领域的考古学研究

李伯谦教授《关于精神领域的考古学研究》一文,再一次强调了考古学对精神领域研究的必要性、重要性,对考古学研究提出了新要求、新目标、新任务。这既是考古学自身发展的需要,也是发展文物事业,弘扬传统文化、建设现代先进文化的需要。文章从作者长期的考古研究实践出发,对精神领域考古研究可能涉及的方方面面及其研究的方法、途径等问题提出了自身独到的见解,这无疑有助于这项研究活动。为此,本刊征得作者同意将文章予以转载,以期促进此一课题的研究。     

史前考古学与诗性智慧

20世纪90年代以来,中国考古学已经开始步入一个辉煌的时代.它在青春期曾被人指出的一些缺点和弱点(如自以为是、神秘主义、依附史学、缺乏反省)①已得到一定程度的克服,在史前考古学领域,特别是对新石器时代文化遗址的大量发掘、整理,已经使史前文化的多元一体格局较清楚地显现出来,中国文明起源的问题也获得了新的认识,考古学也日益得到公众更多的瞩目.笔者正是由于近年来研究史前文化艺术的需要而对考古学给以较多关注,本文在此要讨论的不是考古学的有目共睹的成绩,而是中外考古学尤其是史前考古学在研究方向及方法论上的一种"偏失",也可以说是史前考古学所忽视的一个重要问题,即史前考古学与诗性智慧的关系问题.     

考古学研究的问题来自哪里?

问题通常是研究的中心,而考古学研究的问题来自哪里却长期困扰着中国考古学研究者以及即将进入研究领域的学生,因此有必要梳理考古学研究问题的形式、内容、来源与背景关联。文章侧重指出考古学研究的问题来自于考古学"透物见人"多层次推理的过程,我们需要从外在与内在的关联之中来审视考古学所研究的问题,唯有如此,考古学研究的问题才可能丰富精彩。。     

文化考古刍议

<正>前言虽然考古学研究古老的材料,却是一个年轻的学科,我们熟悉的近代考古学体系直到19世纪末期才形成。在过去的一个多世纪中,考古学研究发展出了若干范式,每一种范式似乎都希望建立一个完整的考古学体系,贯穿考古学的理论、方法与实践,在考古学的不同领域都能够普遍适用。而且,还希望考古学的研究能够为其他学科、乃至于社会大众所理解与利用,改变考古学作为一门冷僻学科的形象。于其中,文化是一个应用最广泛的概念,从近代考古学     

开创与大成:宿白与中国历史考古学

正宿白先生(1922.8.3~2018.2.1)"是中国历史时期考古学学科体系的开创者和大成者。他以一己之力,拓展了历史时期考古的多个领域,举凡城市、墓葬、手工业、宗教遗存、古代建筑、中外交流以及版本目录等,先生均有开创或拓展之功,后学得以循径拾阶而入"[1]。这是对宿白先生学术的全面客观评价。宿白先生的一生伴随着中国考古学的发生与发展,他从大量的个案研究中摸索出一套植根于中国传统史学的历史考古学研究方法,奠定了历史考古学的基本研究范式和学术     

Fieldwork is Good: the Student Perception and the Affective Domain

This paper reports on research that investigates the effectiveness of residential field courses in geography, earth science and environmental science courses at UK institutions of higher education. The research focuses on the effects of fieldwork in the affective domain, which is thought to be linked to the adoption of effective approaches to learning. Approximately 300 students were surveyed immediately before and after a field class, enabling analysis of changes in responses brought about as a result of the field experience. Potential differences were looked for between groups of students determined by gender, age, previous experience of fieldwork and place of residence. The research finds that fieldwork leads to significant effects in the affective domain. In general, student responses were very positive prior to fieldwork and became more positive as a result of the field experience. Some groups exhibited higher levels of anxiety about this learning method prior to the field class; however, such differences were mitigated by the field experience. This study concludes that fieldwork is good.     

Healthy vocations: field nursing and the religious overtones of public health

This article argues that the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA) field nursing program of the 1930s, which continued much of the same assimilation-style health care practices begun generations earlier by missionaries and field matrons, perpetuated the nineteenth-century link between religion and health care. Following in the footsteps of their female predecessors, field nurses targeted native women for health education, emphasizing personal hygiene and individual responsibility at the expense of socioeconomic causes of illness. Native women nonetheless appear to have maintained agency and power in negotiating health and health care. Peaking during the era of OIA Commissioner John Collier's Indian New Deal, the history of field nursing problematizes this period, particularly with regard to women's experiences. The article is significant for its exploration of field nursing as a contested site of cultural negotiation, revealing issues of power and difference in the lives of American women.     

The Heritage of War and the Discourse of Sustainability

Since the concept of sustainability (or sustainable development) became famous through its adoption in the UN’s report, ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987, it has travelled widely to become a global and omnipresent key concept also in the field of heritage. The inclusion into this field was facilitated by the understanding of heritage as resource, which has become the norm within cultural heritage management discourses and strategies. This understanding is increasingly sustained by an associated vocabulary of concepts that promote cultural heritage sites as economically and socio-politically beneficial, emphasising their value as resources for us. This paper explores what happens when this conceptual repertoire of resource thinking is applied to WWII Wehrmacht sites in northern Norway, a heritage that previously has been othered and excluded. How does it impact on the understanding of this particular heritage and how may it be challenged and transformed through encounters with an unruly heritage that potentially defies and distances such conceptualisation?     

A Founder: Aaron Wildavsky and the Study of Public Policy

During the decade of the 1960s a new social science discipline was created. Aaron Wildavsky, along with a small number of other scholars, began focusing their research on public policy studies and the analysis of governmental policy. This article discusses Professor Aaron Wildavsky's original interest in this field, how he institutionalized it by creating a Graduate School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley, and his major contributions to the emerging field. Aaron Wildavsky was one of the preeminent social scientists of the twentieth century, and this article is intended to explain why.     

Mapping gender and feminist geographies in the global context

Abstract

As a way to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist geography, the journal sought to highlight the status of feminist geography across the globe. This special issue gives an overview of feminist geography as a praxis and an intellectual field across 39 countries. This process has highlighted the contemporary nature of feminist geographical knowledge construction across multiple scales and diverse contexts. What is evident is that with feminist geography spreading beyond Anglo-American countries, what and who defines the field has drastically changed. We suggest that this means paying much closer attention to the unequal plains of knowledge construction while engaging with transnational dialogue that fosters networks of solidarity. The plurality of feminist geographies that exist today enriches the field in ways that are just becoming apparent, we hope that this special issue will contribute to a fruitful and ongoing discussion towards this aim.     

清代东太湖地区的湖田与水文生态

清代的东太湖地区的湖田出现了快速增长。随着山区水土流失,东太湖的泥沙量大增,水面植被也出现大扩展,淤积和湖田扩展也因此加速。在西部出现大缺口,大缺口在清代很快合拢。东部湖田发展使出太湖的水流受阻,吴淞江北移瓜泾口,进而使东北部湖田快速发展。湖田形成时往往先是大圩,后是小圩,以后逐步形成纵向交错的河网。植桑又加速了湖田水稻土的培肥,优良的水稻土在小圩规模上逐步形成。植桑养蚕与稻作的配合维持了传统江南生态农业的持续。     

张星烺先生对中西交通史研究的学术贡献

张星先生是我国中西交通史研究的奠基人之一。本文从五个方面论述了张星对中西交通史研究的学术贡献。张星收集整理汉文资料 ,翻译介绍外文文献 ,介绍西方东方学成就 ,开辟新的研究领域等工作 ,极大地推动了我国中西交通史的研究。     

Simulations of the behaviour of the polar thermosphere and ionosphere for northward IMF

The dynamics and structure of the polar thermosphere and ionosphere within the polar regions are strongly influenced by the magnetospheric electric field. The convection of ionospheric plasma imposed by this electric field generates a large-scale thermospheric circulation which tends to follow the pattern of the ionospheric circulation itself. The magnetospheric electric field pattern is strongly influenced by the magnitude and direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and by the dynamic pressure of the solar wind. Previous numerical simulations of the thermospheric response to magnetospheric activity have used available models of auroral precipitation and magnetospheric electric fields appropriate for a southward-directed IMF. In this study, the UCL/Sheffield coupled thermosphere/ionosphere model has been used, including convection electric field models for a northward IMF configuration. During periods of persistent strong northward IMF B_z, regions of sunward thermospheric winds (up to 200 m s⁻¹) may occur deep within the polar cap, reversing the generally anti-sunward polar cap winds driven by low-latitude solar EUV heating and enhanced by geomagnetic forcing under all conditions of southward IMF B_z. The development of sunward polar cap winds requires persistent northward IMF and enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure for at least 2–4 h, and the magnitude of the northward IMF component should exceed approximately 5 nT. Sunward winds will occur preferentially on the dawn (dusk) side of the polar cap for IMF B_y negative (positive) in the northern hemisphere (reverse in the southern hemisphere). The magnitude of sunward polar cap winds will be significantly modulated by UT and season, reflecting E-and F-region plasma densities. For example, in northern mid-winter, sunward polar cap winds will tend to be a factor of two stronger around 1800 UT, when the geomagnetic polar cusp is sunlit, then at 0600 UT, when the entire polar cap is in darkness.     

Meridional electric currents in the equatorial F-region

A study of the boundary conditions for the equatorial thermospheric transport equations by the authors has led to the theoretical prediction of the vertical electric field at the base of the F-region. Earlier, this result was applied to the calculation of the zonal wind field in the equatorial F-region. In this work, the aforementioned model is applied to the calculation of the F-region electric current field in the meridional plane as a function of time and the east-west magnetic field generated by these currents. In particular, the field at sunset is compared with the observations made by Magsat.