Indo-Arabian stone anchors in the western Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea

This paper describes the current state of knowledge in the study of Indo-Arabian stone anchors in the western Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, and speculates on what they may be able to tell us about the provenance, size and handling of Arab and Indian ships and shipping during the period sixth-sixteenth centuries AD.     

Three-hole composite stone anchors from a medieval context at Caesarea Maritima,Israel

Three-holed stone anchors have been considered the earliest ‘composite anchors’, replacing single-hole ‘weight anchors’ of the Bronze Age. Though there is inconclusive evidence as to the first appearance of this new, revolutionary type, the data from land sites attest its use by the end of the 13th century BCE. Specimens of this anchor have been used as a testimony for Iron Age maritime activity of the Phoenicians and related maritime groups at various sites. While three-holed stone anchors were found in clear medieval contexts, only a few originate from good datable contexts. Recent discoveries derive from both the well-stratified medieval urban settlement of Caesarea, and late deposits on its harbour floor. They include the period between 1101 and 1265, when Crusaders settled in the city. This data calls for a revision of our attitude towards ‘anchorology’ and a reassessment of earlier conclusions concerning typology as a cultural and chronological benchmark.     

东亚危机论的再认识--以中日韩为中心

一、东亚社会发展进程中“危机论”的特殊涵义 新旧世纪交替之际,伴随着经济全球化的进程,无沦是发达国家,还是发展中国家,都强烈地意识到人类社会在快速发展的同时,也面临着前所未有的危机。在一些具有全球性影响的突发性事件的作用下,人类社会发展的轨迹呈现出越来越明显的不确定性。于是。在西方世界率先出现把各种对未来表示悲观、忧虑的思潮和观点。1986年,德国社会学家贝克提出“风险社会”的概念,立即在世界范围内引起强烈反响,成为学界研讨的热点问题。     

中朝日近代世界秩序观的形成与外交取向比较研究

19世纪中后期,西力东侵,维系原来中国、朝鲜和日本三国关系的条件发生了变化,东亚地区三个古老的国家开始相继实现对外开放的历史进程。三国在向近代外交迈进的过程中表现出不同的姿态。中朝两国的统治者都不能以对世界变局的正确认识以及健康的心态迎接来自西方的挑战,融入新的国际秩序。只有日本在新的形势面前适时摒弃传统的世界观,以近代世界观看待东亚秩序问题,进而建立一个以日本为中心的东亚新秩序。三国在19世纪中后期不同的外交取向,与其是否能够与时俱进,形成近代世界秩序观有着直接的关系。     

A group of 20 stone anchors from the waters of Dwarka, on the Gujarat Coast, India

A large number of stone anchors were discovered in a water depth of 10–14 m off Dwarka during the 1998–99 season. The seabed near the anchors consists of a ledge with an average height of 1 in. Several anchors were found trapped between the rocks suggesting an anchorage. Twenty stone anchors of three types were loacted in a submerged channel on the southern side of the site. The grapnel type of anchor is associated with Indo-Arab trade between the 8th and 16th centuries AD. The triangular or composite anchors have a date ranging from 2500 BC to the Modern Period. Therefore, the dating of these anchors at Dwarka is a matter of concern and is discussed.     

山川异域 风月同天——扬州与日韩文化交流

在中日韩三国的历史文化交往中,扬州发挥着重要的枢纽作用。本文通过丰富的史实,再现了扬州与日韩两国之间政治、宗教、经济、医药等方面的密切联系。从唐代以来,这种联系几乎没有中断。而中国扬州、韩国顺天和日本北九州三城同时获得2020年"东亚文化之都"的荣誉称号,给三国人民的传统友谊又注入了新的活力。     

规制缓和、结构调整与竞争效率——中日韩电力体制改革比较

本文以中国、日本、韩国电力体制改革实践为比较对象,从改革的起点、目标的选择、引入竞争的方式、电力监管、电力民营化、改革的成效几个角度进行了分析,力求得到一些对深化中国电力市场化改革有意义的启示。     

朴正熙与韩日邦交正常化

在战后韩日关系史上 ,韩日邦交正常化是最重要的事件之一。朴正熙是韩日实现邦交的最关键人物。韩日建交使两国关系进入了正常发展的轨道 ,韩国的经济腾飞直接受益于此。然而 ,韩日关系的发展过程中也始终夹杂着诸多不和谐的音符。这一方面是由于战前日本对韩国的殖民统治造成的 ;另一方面 ,韩日邦交正常化过程中韩日两国政府在历史问题上的错误处理为后来的韩日关系布下了阴霾。而在这一点上 ,朴正熙又恰恰难辞其咎。本文试对韩日邦交正常化过程中朴正熙的作为及其影响作出客观的分析和评价 ,以有助于我们对战后韩日关系的理解。     

Geochemical and mineralogical analysis of stone anchors from west coast of India: provenance study using thin sections,XRF and SEM-EDS

Stone anchors have been recovered along the Indian coast as a part of the maritime archaeological studies at the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa. Study of stone anchors provides clues to understand the ancient maritime trade contacts of India with other countries. These anchors resemble those found in the Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf and Red Sea Coast. Underwater explorations at Bet Dwarka, Dwarka, Goa, Visawada and Somnath have yielded stone anchors of widely varying shapes, sizes and weights ranging between 16 and 410 kg. Sixteen (10 Indo-Arabian, 4 Ringstone and 2 Single hole type) of the total of 269 stone anchors have been studied to determine provenance of rock through petrographic analysis using thin section studies, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS).     

Study on the lithology of stone chimes (stone musical instruments in ancient China) and Lingbi stone

The oldest extant musical instruments in the world are stone chimes. This music was created by the ‘eight tones’ that could be produced by these ‘stone’ voices. Although many of these stone chimes have been unearthed from sites predating the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, their discussion in archaeological reports is usually not very thorough. In this paper, the ancient and modern samples are analysed from the point of view of lithology. The aim is to explore how the ancients chose to make these stones, and to check that the type of stone from which these ancient Chinese stone chimes are made is actually those recorded in previous studies. The results show that most of the ancient stone chimes in China are made of limestone. These chimes required a material with a single, homogeneous and compact mineral composition. Lingbi chimes (a kind of ‘lithophone’ produced in Lingbi county, China, are pure in composition and have a fine microcrystalline structure, which is the best choice for making stone chimes. This paper makes a systematic study of the lithology of Chinese stone chimes. The results supplement a significant lacuna in the study of ‘lithophone’ and ancient stone instruments both in China and on a more global scale.     

清末中朝日"间岛问题"交涉之原委

所谓“间岛”,位于图们江以北,自古属中国领土,然其地名为朝鲜人所造,我国无其名。1712年中朝勘立定界碑之后,围绕“间岛”归属间题,朝方不断挑起事端,成了清末中朝两国边界谈判的一个焦点。20世纪初日本接制朝鲜的军事和外交权之后,“间岛”问题被日帝所利用,成为其攫取满蒙许多权益的交易品。腐败无能的清政府,与日交涉中步步退让,付出巨大的代价才换取了日帝对“间岛”是中国领土的最终承认。