蒋介石与张伯苓及南开大学

蒋介石与张伯苓及南开大学的关系,以往研究几乎无人涉及.1930年代初,教育理念相近的蒋介石与南开校长张伯苓由初识到相知,政治与教育的相互需求以及私人友情的增长,对于此后南开大学的存续与发展关系重大.抗战爆发,毁于战火的南开大学成为战时高等教育损失的标志性形象,蒋介石在广泛的舆论同情中做出了"有中国即有南开"的承诺.其后...     

蒋介石奉化故里演讲考析

1931年12月15日,蒋介石在内外交迫中正式宣布辞去国民政府主席及行政院长职务,旋即回居奉化故里。至翌年1月13日始由奉化至杭州,结束了他政治生涯中的一段乡居小憩时光。在回居故里的这段时间内,蒋介石似没有什么抛头露面的重要活动,惟一引人注目且屡屡为研究提及的是1月11日在武岭学校纪念周上演讲一事。关于此事,一些论是这样记载的。     

蒋介石与1945年昆明事变

发生在1945年10月的昆明事变,是国民党中央政府与云南地方当局为争夺省政控制权而多年博弈的结果,也是国民党领袖蒋介石和"云南王"龙云强势个性碰撞的产物.事变以龙云解职离滇、国民党中央政府和蒋介石获胜而结束.惟衡以实情,龙云解职后,云南仍未完全听命于国民党中央政府,蒋介石亦不能不表示向现实的妥协,且事变对其后云南政局的发展有深远影响,故国民党中央政府和蒋介石解决龙云之举,其得失非断然可判,未可一概而论.     

蒋介石、张学良与中东路事件之交涉

1929年,藉南京国民政府推动“革命外交”之机,年轻气盛的张学良在东北挑起了中东路事件,意图强行收回中方在中东铁路经营管理上应享之权。此举得到蒋介石和南京国民政府的鼎力支持,蒋并且试图藉机收回全部路权。对此,苏联方面以1924年中俄及奉俄条约为依据,亦不惜以武力相向。蒋则运用外交手段,希冀得到各国列强的支持而获得压制苏联的效果。却不料各国政府多不赞同中方的做法。结果,苏联大举兴兵,东北边防军损失惨重,张学良被迫单独与苏联订立了城下之盟。此举虽令南京不满。蒋却因顾虑到逐渐形成气候的反蒋风潮．而不得不曲予承认。     

Retrospect and prospect of overseas studies on Chiang Kai-shek and related topics

Mr Chiang Kai-shek is a key historical figure of twentieth century China. The studies of his life and thought have attracted many scholars' attention during his lifetime as well as after his death in 1975. In recent years, along with the opening of the archives of Academia Historica, the Chronological Events (Shilue gaoben), and the Diary of Chiang Kai-shek, once again the topic of Chiang has become a focus among China scholars who study the Republican period. Besides numerous conferences and workshops recently held in Taipei, Beijing, Hangzhou, and other cities in both mainland China and Taiwan, academic circles in America, Europe, and Japan have also held some seminars regarding Chiang Kai-shek. The current overseas studies on Chiang Kai-shek can be divided into two groupings geographically: the Euro–American group and the Japanese group. These two groups, plus those from Taiwan and Mainland China, have formed the four most important academic traditions. In spite of their different views and ideologies, these four are able to influence each other and even to come to similar conclusions. These can be summarized as a more positive image of Chiang whose major achievements include fighting the Japanese in WWII and building a modern China in various ways. This paper, relying on overseas research results, will try to help researchers understand the current situation of studies on Chiang Kai-shek in the world so as to lay a better academic foundation for their own further studies. However, because of all kinds of limitations, this paper will rely mostly on the research achievements of English and Japanese works. Research works in other languages and from other regions will have to wait for later efforts.     

蒋介石与战后学潮(1945—1949)

战后频发的学潮集中暴露出国民政府在外交、经济、地方管制等领域所面临的严重危机。作为执政者的蒋介石,其学潮应对却是无解的困局。首先,蒋难以有效控制党内各级干部,甚或各派系为争权夺利主动参与乃至组织学潮,蒋受主客观环境困扰,无法有效消除派系政治的破坏性影响。同时,蒋学潮认知思维模式固化,过于强调中共的领导作用,忽视了学生合理诉求与党内弊端。而蒋在处理各类学潮的过程中,没有清晰的应对策略,往往在制裁与疏导、纵容与压制之间犹豫不决,国民政府在各地连续不断的学生抗议声中迈向崩溃的边缘。     

论蒋介石与抗战期间的军事会议

在长达八年的抗日战争中,随着国际反法西斯战争形势与中国正面战场抗击日军的历次会战态势的变化,蒋介石连续召开一系列军事会议,制定并调整了对日作战方针,检讨了各次会战,策定了相应的战略战术,从中反映出蒋介石对形势的估计、对敌我双方军队的认识等,比较能够符合实情,也产生了一定的积极作用。但从总体上讲,蒋介石的话是“耳边风”,一吹就过,对国民党军队的劣根性改造无济于事。     

中共、粤系、蒋介石:1934年秋的博弈

1934年中央苏区主力红军的长征是一场准备堪称周密的军事行动,共产国际、中共中央为此付出很多努力,其中中共对粤系的争取、利用尤为重要。粤系之所以会为中共所利用,当然和其本身利益密切相关,事实上,宁粤及中共多方面构成的赣南独特政治地理不仅对长征,而且对整个1930年代中共在此的生存、发展都有重要影响。循着这一途径透析,我们甚至会不无惊讶地窥测到,中共顺利突围背后,还隐约可以看到蒋介石的身影,这个身影是如此的诡异、飘忽、难以捉摸,但是更多历史资料的呈现,终究有可能使其难以遁形。     

张治中重用于蒋介石原因析

张治中是国民党统治集团的上层人物,毕生主张亲苏联共,而蒋介石极端反苏反共.从政治观点上看,两人应该是冰炭不容,但蒋介石为什么还要重用他、容忍他呢?事情既复杂,也简单.因为张治中是蒋介石"和"的一手的重要工具,始终有用.与此同时,张对蒋忠心耿耿,从不搞小派系,不留恋兵权,毫无个人野心.     

走向"团结"——国民党五全大会前后的蒋介石与西南

国民党第五次全国代表大会是象征着国民党在国难危急关头走向"团结统一"的标志性事件.本文将以最新公布的<蒋介石日记>,辅以其他相关当事人的日记、信函,结合当时的舆论,通过还原国民党五全大会前后西南与中央间走向"团结"的过程,力图揭示"团结"表象背后的武力威慑、派系纠葛与权谋运用.1934年底,蒋借红军西撤之机,入黔、拉滇以制粤桂.在战略上居于主动地位前提下,蒋欲借五全大会召开之机,通过"党权"的让步与妥协,促成西南与中央间的"复合".然而,因双方在实际利害面前各不相让,加之心理上的壁垒森严,这一形式上的"团结"并未增进双方实质上之凝聚力.中央与西南间之"团结"仅昙花一现,很快又重回到武力解决的旧轨.     

从汪、胡联手到蒋、汪合作——以1931年宁粤上海和谈为中心

在1931年因蒋介石扣押胡汉民引起的宁粤对峙事件中,国民党内反蒋势力结成空前未有的大联盟.因此,蒋介石也一改以往武力镇压为主的做法,而始终力求通过政治手段解决.特别是"九·一八"事变后,面对外侮和全国人民要求一致对外的呼声,宁粤双方被迫和解,在上海召开和谈会议.和谈期间,蒋介石利用所掌握的政治资源,最大限度地稳定了自己的权力结构,并不断地分化各派反蒋势力的联盟.上海和谈是宁粤对峙事件的一个重要分水岭,在此前后国民党内各政治派系又经历了一次新的分化组合.     

蒋介石"首脑外交"之运用:与苏绝交和复交

1927年南京国民敢府声称共产党与苏联极有关系,宣布与苏绝交.1928年底,张学良东北易帜,借机收回中东路权"完成前人大业",蒋介石则为转移国内矛盾、维护中央、地方统一考虑,支持张学良收回中东路权,坚持对苏强硬立场,引起苏方强烈反弹,致使中苏关系严重恶化.在美、英反应冷淡,对日和谈失败,国内反蒋势力活跃、恐遭腹背受敌情况下,蒋才被迫做出艰难选择,默许张学良与苏方接触,进而把"中苏复交"提上日程,几经波折终于在日内瓦达成中苏恢复外交关系.在整个与苏绝交、复交过程中,蒋介石"首脑外交"主导作用十分明显.     

代人受过的陈独秀──《陈独秀与共产国际》书后

自中共建党后,陈独秀在担任长达六年五届的中共中央最高领导职务期间,中国革命的进退行止,一直在莫斯科导演之下。先天不足的中国大革命由盛而衰的全过程,无不与陈独秀和莫斯科的指挥者密切相关。在中共早期历史研究中,抓住陈独秀与共产国际这一环节,就找到了解读许多难题的锁钥。李颖所著《陈独秀与共产国际》一书,对陈独秀与共产国际这一课题的研究,多有新义,不同凡响。     

Science, text and space: thoughts on the geography of reading

The idea of a 'geography of reading' provides a potential point of conversation between the cultural and scientific wings of our profession. Here I explore some dimensions of the geography of reading scientific texts. Drawing on a number of theoretical pronouncements – Gadamer's 'fusion of horizons', Said's 'travelling theory', Secord's 'geographies of reading', Beer's 'miscegenation of texts', Fish's 'interpretive communities' and Rupke's 'geographies of reception'– I focus on the spaces where scientific theories are encountered. The argument is that where scientific texts are read has an important bearing on how they are read. This realization points to a fundamental instability in scientific meaning and to the crucial significance of what might be called located hermeneutics. As a case study in the development of a cartographics of scientific meaning, I explore the different ways in which Darwin's fundamentally biogeographical theory of evolution by natural selection was construed in a number of different settings. The sites I have chosen to illustrate this are the scientific communities which congregated around the Charleston Museum of Natural History in South Carolina, the Wellington Philosophical Society and New Zealand Institute, and the St Petersburg Society of Naturalists in Russia during the second half of the nineteenth century. In each case the encounter with evolution theory, and the ways it was interpreted, are shown to have been shaped by local cultural politics, thereby disclosing the critical role that space plays in the production of scientific meaning.