Marginalized Potters and Ceramic Compositional Groups: Neutron Activation Analysis of Contemporary Pottery from Tigray,Northern Highland Ethiopia

The study presents the results of neutron activation analysis (NAA) of contemporary pottery from Tigray Regional State, northern highland Ethiopia. This is the first regional-scale study of ceramic composition of Tigray’s pottery and is part of an ethnoarchaeological study of the material and social contexts of pottery production and consumption in Tigray’s Eastern (Misraqawi), Central (Mehakelegnaw), and North-western (Semien Mi’irabawi) zones. The analysis identifies clear compositional groups with strong regional patterns, an encouraging result for the use of NAA to study Tigray’s ancient pottery trade. Significantly, the study further contributes to discussions of how mutually constituted social identities of potters and consumers affect compositional patterning in the distribution of pottery in market networks.     

北魏北疆几个历史地理问题的探索

北魏北疆的历史地理比较复杂。由于文献记载不详 ,加之过去又没有人进行深入的实地考察 ,因而往往存在着以讹传讹的情况。本文对北魏六镇设置的年代、六镇的方位、朔州设置的年代与所属郡县 ,中道与禾固阳道、征伐柔然的军事路线以及北魏北疆的一些地名进行了考证。提出了一些新的看法 ,纠正了前人著述中的一些错误     

The Environmental History of Tigray (Northern Ethiopia) in the Middle and Late Holocene: A Preliminary Outline

This paper outlines the environmental history of the Tigrean Plateau (northern Ethiopia) during the Holocene, based on the available geomorphological, palynological, archaeological, and historical evidence. At present, it seems that (1) the plateau experienced a more humid climate with a denser vegetation cover during the Early Holocene; (2) Soil erosion due to clearing vegetation began in the Middle Holocene; (3) agricultural activity was intensified in the Late Holocene, as a consequence of the rise of a state; (4) demographic pressure increased from the early first millennium BC to the mid–first millennium AD, causing soil erosion; (5) environmental degradation and demographic decline occurred in the late first millennium AD; (6) the vegetation cover was regenerated in the early second millennium AD; and (7) progressive vegetation clearance started again in the second half of the second millennium AD.Cet article trace l'histoire ambiante du Plateau Tigréen dans l'Holocène en utilisant les données géomorphologiques, palynologiques, archéologiques et historiques. Il semble que (1) dans l'Holocène ancien le plateau était caractérisé par une phase humide avec une dense végétation; (2) l'érosion causée par l'abbattage de la végétation commen¸a dans l'Holocène moyen; (3) l'activité agricole s'inténsifia à la fin de l'Holocène, par conséquence de l'essor d'un état; (4) la pression démographique augmenta de plus en plus du début du premier millénaire av. J.-Ch. à la moitié du premier millénaire ap. J.-Ch.; (5) la dégradation ambiante et la diminution démographique se vérifièrent à la fin du premier millénaire ap. J.-Ch.; (6) une régéneration de la vegetation se vérifia au début du seconde millénaire ap. J.-Ch.; et (7) l'abbatage de la végétation recommen¸a dans la seconde moitié du seconde millénaire ap. J.-Ch.     

Lithic Evidence for the Peopling of Northern Ethiopia

A comparative study of lithic assemblages from the Gash Delta lowlands of eastern Sudan and from Seglamen in the highlands of northern Ethiopia is used to investigate the origins of the pre-Aksumite people and their anonymous predecessors. Multiple similarities in knapping strategies and in lithic tool types support the hypothesis of a south-eastward movement of agro-pastoralists into the highlands of the Tigray Plateau, probably starting in the fifth millennium BC.     

江汉地区汉代彩绘陶器初步研究

江汉地区汉代彩绘陶器种类丰富、纹样多变,具有鲜明的地域特色.本文对江汉地区汉代彩绘陶器进行了系统梳理,归纳其在器物组合、器形、表面处理方式、彩绘纹样、色彩等方面的发展演变规律,并对这些彩绘陶器的地域特征、制作、使用、文化因素及其对汉疆域内其他地区产生的影响进行了初步研究.     

Pottery Use-Alteration as an Indicator of Socioeconomic Status: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Gamo of Ethiopia

The use of a pottery vessel leaves markers on the ceramic wall that can inform archaeologists how the vessel functioned in the past. At present, archaeologists have little information for understanding how use-alteration reflects the complex nature of ceramic function and socioeconomic status. I conducted a 2-year ethnoarchaeological research project among the Gamo people of southwestern Ethiopia, who continue to produce and use pottery on a daily basis. This research indicates that interior surface attrition occurs primarily on pottery vessels used in wealthy households because of fermentation processes from high-status foods. Thus, the Gamo example suggests that there is a relationship between ceramic use-alteration and household socioeconomic status.     

豫北汉代陶灶

本文在豫北汉代考古研究的基础上,广泛收集博物馆藏品中的汉代陶灶模型,将其系统整理,从类型、制作工艺与装饰、器形演变等方面进行研究和探讨。     

Culinary Crafts and Foods in Southwestern Ethiopia: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Gamo Groundstones and Pottery

Few ethnoarchaeological studies have combined the production and use of groundstones and pottery as indicators of household variation in subsistence and socioeconomics. This ethnoarchaeological study explores how the Gamo people who live in southwestern Ethiopia interact with their culinary tools of pottery and groundstones. One of the unique cultural features of the Gamo is their strict caste system, which forces artisans such as potters and groundstone makers into a full-time specialization. This paper uses a chaîne opératoire analysis regarding groundstone and pottery production and then addresses their use by drawing from household studies from three Gamo communities. The analysis discusses the role that social hierarchy can have on cooking and craft variation within households. Thus, these artisans bring to life crafts that give the Gamo tools to create their daily subsistence, and these tools and foods allow us to explore two key archaeological issues: subsistence and socioeconomic variation of people’s households.     

高句丽釉陶器的类型与分期

高句丽釉陶器是在本民族制陶工艺发展进程中,吸收中原汉代低温釉陶烧制技术而形成的一种新工艺。其造型优美,釉色亮丽。在北方及东北亚陶瓷工艺史上,占有重要的地位。     

青海地区陶质文物的分类与保护

青海地区出土了大量的彩陶,如何对陶质文物进行分类整理与保护修复,是文物工作者面临的一个难题。笔者根据青海省出土的大量彩陶,在长期的工作实践中,逐步摸索出一套陶质文物的分类保护方法。     

Re-evaluating the Neolithic: The Impact and the Consolidation of Farming Practices in the Cantabrian Region (Northern Spain)

Research projects undertaken in the Cantabrian region since 1980 have produced new, high-quality information about the neolithisation process(es) in this area. It is now necessary to review this archaeological information and test the main hypotheses put forward to explain it. This paper presents an update on the archaeological evidence (sites, chronological dates, archaeozoological, archaeobotanical and technological information) for the early Neolithic in the Cantabrian region. It summarizes recent research on neolithisation in the region, and assesses the impact of this process during the early Neolithic, and its later consolidation. Although the available information is still incomplete, it is now possible to identify the focal point of the introduction of elements characteristic of the Neolithic way of life in the region. Current evidence suggests that it is in the eastern sector, where the earliest arrival of domesticates and new technologies such as pottery has been attested. The existence of continuities—such as sustained reliance on hunting and gathering and the coexistence of old and new funerary rites—suggests the persistence of native populations, which gradually participated in the neolithisation process after an ‘availability phase’.     

辽东地区双房式陶壶研究

本文经类型学研究,将辽东地区两周时期流行的双房式陶壶分为三期,并对年代进行了讨论.在此基础上,通过对其内涵与外延的把握提出三点认识:1.双房式陶壶的祖型可追溯到庙后山文化,在以后的发展过程中逐渐形成以太子河、浑河为中心,分布范围遍及辽东地区具有显著时段特征的一种考古遗存.2.将双房式陶壶分为A、B两系,认为它们是同源陶壶谱系的两个发展序列.3.所谓"美松里"陶壶,是双房式陶壶自西周中晚期发生分野以后,向东流入西北朝鲜地区发展的一支.同时这种陶壶的北传,还对西团山文化产生了较大影响.     

豫北地区二里头时代的地域间关系——以陶器资料分析为中心

本文在充分收集豫北地区二里头时代遗址资料的基础上,对遗址中出土的陶器构成的变化进行了详细的分析,并从多地域间交流的角度,对豫北地区和其他周边地区的动态关系进行了检讨,以确定豫北地区在中国初期国家形成过程中应有的地位。     

庙底沟文化鱼纹彩陶论(下)

庙底沟文化彩陶分类系统中,鱼纹占有非常重要的地位。庙底沟文化的鱼纹有少量为写实图案,其次是抽象的几何化纹饰,更多的是完全几何化的纹饰。辨析这些几何化的与鱼纹相关的纹饰,证实庙底沟文化广泛流行的叶片纹、花瓣纹、“西阴纹”、菱形纹、圆盘形纹、带点圆圈纹等,大都是鱼纹拆解后重组而成,这些纹饰构成了一个“大鱼纹”象征系统。揭示这个隐蔽的“大鱼纹”象征系统,为真正理解史前彩陶的内涵,有十分重要的意义。     

The Technical Style of Wallaga Pottery Making: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Oromo Potters in Southwest Highland Ethiopia

Pottery making is still practiced widely in parts of Ethiopia but variations in its technical practices are poorly documented. This study presents an ethnoarchaeological investigation of the technical style of pottery making among the Oromo of western Wallaga, located in the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. The Oromo are a Cushitic-speaking people who occupied Wallaga as part of a massive expansion that occurred between the early sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This resulted in the Oromo settling among Omotic and Nilo-Saharan peoples in Wallaga. Oromo pottery production in the region is passed down through family lines, and these potters use specific technical styles, which are distinct in material properties and production processes from the surrounding non-Oromo communities. Documentation of the technical styles of contemporary potter communities provides a material means for archaeologists to investigate the history and interaction of social groups in the past. Specifically, this study is relevant to investigating the poorly documented history of the Oromo expansion.     

秦汉时期岭南联体陶器研究——以五联罐为主

秦汉时期岭南地区的墓葬中大量出土各种类型的联体陶器,被普遍认为是当地考古学文化的特色。这些联体陶器的分布、形制、共出陶器和墓葬背景呈现如下特点:它们在岭南地区呈现以秦汉郡治为中心的多点辐射式分布,数量和类型呈现"故王都—郡治—一般县城"的层级落差,近海较内地数量多、类型丰富;在发展脉络上,从多种类型到比较单一的五联罐再到急骤消失;联体陶器应该是一种南越国时期在外地工艺冲击下出现的本土化产品,与"边地半月形地带"和环地中海地区的kernos/pseudokernos可能存在渊源关系。     

略论辽三彩与唐、宋三彩的异同

唐三彩是一种流行于唐代的铅釉陶器,也是唐代陶瓷手工业的一个新品种。在中国陶瓷史上,唐三彩犹如一枝盛开的奇葩,以它那斑斓绚丽的色泽和栩栩如生的造型,赢得世人的普遍赞誉和喜爱。它与当时的诗歌、乐舞、书画、雕塑、建筑等艺术形式交相辉映,共同构成大唐盛世的豪迈雄风。继唐代之后,辽、宋时期受唐三彩的直接影响,先后烧制出了各具特色的辽三彩和宋三彩。本文通过辽三彩与唐、宋三彩的对比研究,重点探讨三者之间的共同点及相互差异。一辽国创建于公元916年,公元1125年被金所灭,共传九帝,历210年。辽与中原王朝的五代、北宋并立,以今天津…