An English approach to the American frontier

Studies of frontier migration in the American west are hampered by lack of data because few records contain evidence of reasons for migrating or evidence of decisions taken by individual migrants or groups of migrants. An extensive collection of letters from two English brothers who, in 1882, migrated to an English farm colony in north-west Iowa, then moved into horse-raising in Wyoming, then returned to Iowa, and later went back to Wyoming, provides an unusually illuminating case study in frontier migration. The letters reveal reasons for the frequent moves in the west over a seventeen-year period ending with the brothers' successful establishment as sheep ranchers in Wyoming. They show how each shift was conditioned by their previous experience of economic difficulties and by their persistent reliance upon contacts in England.     

Regional urbanization and the selective growth of towns in North American regions

Despite the extensive discussion of urbanization in the North American past, the processes of selective growth among the various towns and cities, which comprise a regional urban system, remain obscured by the use of oversimplified explanations that neglect either functional and locational variations among the centres or the changing conditions of regional development. A generalized model of selective urban growth in newly settling regions is proposed which distinguishes three periods of development by characteristics of circulation and export activity. It emphasizes the changing implications of town locations (their nodality) as settlement expands and the bases of urban growth shift from commercial and local services to increasingly manufacturing. Discussion of the literature on regional urbanization, organized under five categories of traditional and more recent explanations of selective growth, not only points to the temporal and locational deficiencies which the model addresses, but also reveals the need for closer examination within a developmental framework of both the interdependencies of central place and mercantile bases of urban growth and the relationships between the emergence of manufacturing and city sizes.     

跨国主义的移民研究——欧美学者的观点和贡献

在已有研究的基础上,从跨国移民的政治选择、跨国移民的经济贡献、跨国移民的文化再造、跨国移民的活动领域、回归移民的再适应、跨国主义移民研究等多方面介绍和评述了欧美学界跨国主义移民研究的主要观点、基本内容和特征以及学术贡献,并对跨国移民研究中需要进一步探讨的问题进行了梳理.     

A transport interpretation of the growth of urban regions: an American example

In a seminal work on the evolutionary structure of wholesale trade published in 1970, Vance sharply attacked the mechanistic application of ahistorical central place concepts in efforts to explain the evolved form of urban systems in economically advanced regions. ^[1] As an endogenic model of highly localised tertiary interaction, Vance claims that central place theory is difficult to apply in old culture regions where the feudal inheritance provides some basis for cellular administrative organisation of small territories; moreover, as a paradigm for newly settled lands he sees it as historically inappropriate. ^[2] In regions such as North America, mercantilism forged powerful links between distant locations well before surrounding territory was well integrated in bureaucratic terms, and urban networks displaying central place characteristics arose only with later regional development and then only in selected areas of relative economic homogeneity. Thereafter, forces elaborating both mercantile and central place networks operated together, but central place systems always nestled within the larger-scale exogenous mercantile system.This reinterpretation of settlement history in new lands promises a fertile frame-work for understanding the complex historical layering of urban systems that still dominates their functional and locational structure. Vance's general proposition, however, needs evaluation in the light of empirical analyses of particular regions and time periods. This paper explores one aspect of transport provision (passenger service) in the American Midwest in the second half of the nineteenth century in an effort to assess the degree to which patterns of increasing spatial interaction and interdependency within the settlement system of the region can be interpreted in terms of Vance's mercantile model.     

敦煌·武当世界文化遗产保护学术研讨会侧记

在第二届世界遗产保护日来临之际,中国敦煌吐鲁番学会和湖北武当文化研究会于2006年6月11日至12日在湖北十堰市武当镇共同举办了“敦煌·武当世界文化遗产保护学术研讨会”。敦煌莫高窟是举世闻名的石窟寺遗址,随着藏经洞的开启,诞生了一门国际显学———敦煌学,敦煌学经过百年的发展,在各个方面都取得了巨大的成绩。但新的世纪,敦煌学仍然面临着研究的深入、领域的拓展等问题。武当山是著名的道教圣地,以其绚丽多姿的自然景观、历史悠久的道教文化、外柔内刚的武当功夫、规模宏大的古代建筑著称于世,从而吸引学者从事武当文化的研究。在这…     

美国早期国家构建中的州权观及其意义

美国建国初期,州权问题是建国者们不得不面对的一个难题。他们在探讨州与联盟关系的过程中,对州权持有不同的界定和评价,这既反映了他们之间不同的政治信念,也折射出现实利益的重大分歧。他们基于各自的州权观,形成了多种国家理念。这些理念的竞争和交锋推动了美国早期的国家构建,实现了从邦联制向联邦制的转变,并最终建立了各州与联邦实行分权的可行而有效的国家政治制度。     

On the Worship of Holy mountains in bDe-chen Tibetan-inhabited regions and their Ecological Enuironments

From the perspective of human history, religion is a culture that has existed since the dawn of human history. It reveals a human wisdom that existed prior to the establishment of the systems of philosophy and science. So religion is the origin of human civilization. From the perspective of human society, religion is a social phenomenon, an aspect of the complexity of social relations. In this particular historical period it once influenced all social aspects. As a Tibetan-inhabited region, bDe-chen is indeed no different from other Tibetan-inhabited regions. Almost all Tibetans have religious beliefs. Apart from Tibetan Buddhism, they also have folk beliefs. You can see lofty holy mountains,     

试析美国城市郊区化的起源

关于美国城市郊区化的起源 ,中美学术界提出了各种各样的观点。之所以出现这种分歧 ,一个重要原因就是学术界关于郊区和郊区化的概念和范畴存在很大分歧 ,同时也与郊区的特点和郊区化的本质有关。由于郊区化是工业化、城市化和城市交通发展的产物 ,同时又是城市化的一种方式、是城市的生态组织演进的一种方式 ,所以美国的郊区化早在 19世纪初就已经出现 ,此后 ,郊区化与城市化呈交错发展的模式。     

A reappraisal of the controversy of Dax and Broca

Paul Broca is unanimously recognized as the founder of neuropsychology. Helis development of the scientific method to map mental functions onto brain topographpy has been enormously influential. Nevertheless, Dax's paper on the left hemisphere dominance for speech was written and published before Broca explicitely proposed the same theory. Probably, Broca was aware of the paper prior to 1865, but he never acknowledged Dax's original theoretical contribution. On the contrary, he always claimed to be the first to espouse the theory of left hemisphere dominance for language and never quoted Marc Dax (Broca, 1877 p 536), 'I do not like dealing with the questions of priority concerning myself. That is the reason why I did not mention the name of Dax in my paper'. In our opinion, the weight of evidence reported here suggests that the theory of the left hemisphere dominance for speech must be attributed equally to Dax and Broca, and henceforth should be called 'the theory of Dax-Broca'.     

An assessment of the technology level and knowledge intensity of regions in Turkey

The paper investigates the patterns of technology and knowledge of the regions. The first aim of the paper is to determine cluster templates at the national level. The second aim of the paper is to investigate the technology and knowledge composition of the regional highpoint clusters. The paper identifies patterns of industrial linkages to define cluster templates and regional highpoints. The second part uncovers regional distributions of technology and knowledge. The data comes from Turkey’s 2012 input–output table. The location quotients use industrial employment statistics from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The technological and knowledge intensity classification follows Eurostat. The findings reveal 10 cluster templates in Turkey. Spatial distribution of the highpoint clusters reveals that most regions contain highpoint clusters with low technology and low knowledge-intensive sectors. The results reveal that highpoint clusters in Turkey’s regions contain industries whose technologies do not demand high skills, knowledge and sophistication. Limited existence of high-tech industries and low knowledge intensity in Turkey’s industry composition is a limiting factor for transition to high value-added manufacturing. Special emphasis should be directed towards constructing regional advantage, given the current levels of technology and knowledge intensity.     

The Territorial Expansion of American Cities and their Population Growth

The significance of territorial expansion of American cities in the growth of their population from one census to another is analyzed. The number of cities making annexations during intercensal periods has been steadily increasing since World War II. The trend is particularly pronounced in the South and West because of intensive industrialization and, in the case of the West, in-migration. In the North, annexation is often blocked by the presence of incorporated places in the urban fringe surrounding the central city. Some Northern cities have in fact lost population in the 1950–1960 period despite an expansion of their city limits.