上世纪阿富汗逊尼派抵抗组织分裂的原因分析

阿富汗战争中逊尼派抵抗组织是抵抗苏联的主体,但是逊尼派抵抗组织并不是一个统一的组织,逊尼派抵抗组织之间存在着分裂,分裂的主要原因有意识形态因素和政治因素、阿富汗传统分裂的作用以及外部因素。     

论清代新疆城市的人口规模

清代是新疆历史上经济开发规模最大、开发成效最显著的时期,也是新疆城市发展最快、城市地理变化最明显的时期,因而,从总体上研究这一时期该地区城市人口及城市规模,对西北历史地理的研究应具有重要意义,但目前学术界对这一问题的研究却相对薄弱。本文首先分析了清后期新疆城市人口的统计原则,从清前期天山南北主要城市的人口数量及城市规模、清后期新疆主要城市的人口数量及城市规模等方面分别进行了述论,初步探讨了形成这种人口规模特征的主要原因。     

试论杨增新执掌新疆时期的宗教政策

新疆是一个多民族聚居地区,宗教信仰多元,教派林立。历史上多种宗教在这里传播、演化,宗教与新疆社会发展关系密切。杨增新执掌新疆时期的宗教政策有其特殊性,与其他地区的宗教政策有差异。研究杨增新执掌新疆时期宗教政策,对当今新疆的宗教政策有一定的借鉴意义。     

伊斯兰教哲赫林耶教派在贵州的传播

贵州省黔西南布依族苗族自治州和安顺地区、六盘水市的一些县区,流传着伊斯兰教门宦之一的哲赫林耶新教。这个教派,是在清乾隆(1736-1795)年间,由回族马明心创传于甘肃省循化、河州,后来发展到宁夏、新疆、云南、河北、吉林、山东、贵州等省的。乾隆末年,传教中心移到宁夏。这个教派,是我国伊斯兰教四大门宦(四大门宦即:哲赫林耶、虎夫耶、戛底林耶、库不忍耶)之一。“哲赫林耶”一词是阿拉伯语的音译,原意为“公开     

觉鄂仲师徒三尊

觉鄂仲师徒三尊是公元十世纪的人。指的是上师觉沃杰·班丹·阿底峡,其亲传弟子仲敦·杰瓦迥乃、鄂·列白希绕。在唐卡画、壁画作品中,常以上师居中,两位弟子居左右的形式出现,多见于西藏寺院佛堂中。他们三位是创建于公元十世纪的藏传佛教噶当教派的开山人物,噶当教派从此传承,历经几百年的历史,出现了许多著名人物。噶当教派法系开创了最晚形成、而势力最强的格鲁教派的先河。因此,人们习惯上把格鲁教派称为新噶当派。     

菲律宾华人宗教信仰的特点及成因分析

论文依据田野调查资料,对菲律宾华人的宗教信仰现状进行了梳理;对其特点及成因展开了探讨。随着代际更替和社会融合发展,菲律宾华人宗教信仰有两个现象值得关注:在信仰结构上,新生代日益与华人传统宗教信仰疏离而与主流宗教接近,形成主流宗教居优势而华人传统宗教居劣势的格局;在信仰趋势上,不仅有信徒由华人传统宗教向主流宗教的流动,而且近些年在主流宗教中由天主教向基督教的流动也在加速。华人信仰中心的转移意味着传统宗教作为华人族群边界标识的作用渐趋消解;信仰人群的流动反映了华人正试图构建一种新的宗教文化和群体形象,基督教徒的参与尤其突出。     

论清前期会党的性质——兼论会党的起源

对中国秘密会党的研究,国内外学者已有一百余年的历史。成果累累,不胜枚举。关于秘密会党的历史地位、会党的产生、组织状况及其性质诸问题。目前,已有大量的专门论著,并给予适当的评价。一些学者公认,中国秘密会党是始见于清代的秘密社会组织,天地会则可推为中国近代秘密会党的鼻祖。近几年来,对天地会的研究更为深入,尤其对天地会起源问题,探讨极为活跃,不同论点,各有依据。笔者认为,既然中国秘密会党起源于清,就应对有清一代的会党组织,做一全面研究,特别对天地会公开活动前出现的会党组织,应作些分析研究,这将有助于对会党的产生、发展等问题进行深入的探讨。笔者从事清政府遗存档案的整理工作,对清代官文书记载有关会党的史料多有接触。本文拟以清前期出现的会党史料,分析、论证清前期会党的性质及会党的起源,敬祈指正。     

抗日战争时期西北地区的民间教派

西北地区(含陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆五省区)的民间教派历史悠久,种类繁多,分布广泛,影响较大。抗战时期西北地区的共产党、国民党、地方势力及日伪势力等多种力量并存。各派势力相互制衡,此消彼长,异常纠结,加之社会状况不良,政局动荡不安,致民间教派井喷式发展。各种教派在时局影响及各派力量牵制主导下发生变化:一是教义发生变化,带有明显的时代特征;二是整体出现分化,表现出不同的政治立场。这些变化对各派军事、政治力量的发展均构成不同程度的冲击,进而对西北地区抗战的进程及社会发展模式等多方面造成了重要而深远的影响。     

概念史视野中的“新疆”

已经“去语境化”的“新疆”是现代中国人耳熟能详的一个省级政区专名。但在传统时期,各类汉文文献中所载“新疆”则另有所指。福柯认为,话语是决定我们知识、权力以及伦理的规则。本文试从概念史的角度,梳理宋代至清末近千年中“新疆”的时空分布及其意涵,试析曾经作为一类政治地理概念的“新疆”在传统叙事中所处的定位,并结合晚清洋务著述中“新疆”的错置现象,重新审视近代“新疆”“故土新归”意涵之说,从而丰富对“新疆”这一古老概念的理解。     

清代宫廷新疆地毯考

本文主要简述了新疆地毯的传统历史,新疆在对宫廷地毯本身的编织手法、图案纹样所展现的独到之处,受清宫廷政策的影响与其早期、中期、晚期所发生根本性的变化,并在不同时期受中原地区地毯传统纹样影响程度。而新疆地毯进入清宫廷后,使宫廷地毯进入了一个高峰期,通过本文论述能了解到清代宫廷中的新疆地毯编织、图案纹样及色彩的基本特征,对于掌握新疆宫廷地毯的重要标志,研究新疆地毯会有一定的认识与了解。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the