The dynamic nature of social disadvantage: implications for hazard exposure and vulnerability in Greater Vancouver

Urbanization and re-urbanization continually alter spatial patterns of social disadvantage and hazard exposure, which in turn affect social vulnerability. The current study explores vulnerability to hazards in Greater Vancouver over a 15-year period (1986 to 2001). Results illustrate how social disadvantage is multi-dimensional and emerges from the social geography of a city. The study illustrates the speed with which both the structure and spatial patterns of social disadvantage can change in cities experiencing rapid growth or redevelopment. The study also suggests that Greater Vancouver does not display consistent patterns of minority- or income-based environmental inequity in hazard exposure, which raises questions about the role of various policies in ameliorating vulnerability to natural and technological hazards .     

对商誉本质的探讨

<正>商誉是一种构成复杂、不可辨认的无形资产,目前学术界对于商誉没有一个统一的定义。基于实务处理的需要,现行商誉的概念已经被外购商誉所混淆,以至于疏离了商誉的本质。     

论转型期社会政治稳定的价值规定性

经济自由与政治秩序的整合体现在两个层面:一是经由经济自由推动而产生的新的权利诉求,能够成为塑造新的政治系统与制度体系的价值基础;二是政治系统与制度体系能够包容和吸纳这些新的权利诉求,并能以持续更新的政治秩序为经济自由的生长和新权利诉求的产生提供条件。这种价值整合在政治操作层面的现实策略,就是要形成经济体制改革与政治体制改革良性互动的结构。     

The nature of the times deceas'd

The essay reflects on the nature of time as a cultural function, especially in the light of the ‘heritage industry’ of the 1980s. In trying to identify the nature of some changes in relationships between pasts and present in the 1990s, the author suggests the concept of ‘post‐heritage’, defines it, and glances at its applicability to 1994.     

The changing nature of Jemaah Islamiyah

Of all the Islamic terrorist organisations known to be operating in Southeast Asia, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) is probably the best known. But when attempting to combat it and its violence against civilians, security forces need to be aware of its current nature. This article seeks to show from the history of JI that it is a constantly changing, complex and highly flexible organisation; that while its roots lie deep in Indonesian history, it recruits from and adapts to the other countries in which it is operative. Consequently, JI seems to be a different organisation depending on the country from which it is viewed. The article shows that security forces need to be fully aware of both its Protean character and its history if effective measures are to be taken against it.     

Pufendorf disciple of Hobbes: The nature of man and the state of nature: The doctrine of socialitas

No doctrine of Pufendorf's is better known than that of socialitas. The reason is that Pufendorf himself declared that socialitas was the foundation of natural law. No interpreter of Pufendorf can therefore avoid dealing with it. Moreover, Pufendorf linked the issue of socialitas to the question of the state of nature, thus raising important issues with both theological and philosophical implications.

Given the prominence and importance of this theme in Pufendorf's work, a close analysis of what he meant by it is central to the interpretation of his work, even though this means to pose again a new number of questions already discussed in the scholarly literature. In particular, this article examines the relationship between Pufendorf and Hobbes with regard to this central theme. In fact, a traditional historiographic topos is that Pufendorf and Hobbes fundamentally disagree on the doctrine of socialitas, while the former is closer to Grotius and to the Aristotelian-classic tradition that see man as a social animal.

This article takes, instead, Pufendorf to be a follower of Hobbes, and tries to explain how the more traditional view of Pufendorf as a critic of Hobbes was in some way due to Pufendorf's own attempt to distance himself from the accusations of Hobbesism (and hence of atheism and moral indifference) that the critics made against him when his work first appeared. In order to do this, Pufendorf tried to rethink his own position within the history of ethics, and put himself on the side of the Stoics, of Grotius and of Cumberland, against Epicurus and Hobbes. This retrospective ‘illusion’ has greatly influenced later scholarship, giving us a distorted image of Pufendorf's own view of socialitas. A more precise account of the latter gives a better prospective from which to look at the relationship between Pufendorf and Hobbes.     

The political nature of taxation in Visigothic Spain

This paper is an attempt to analyse taxation from a wide-ranging social perspective. Earlier studies of this topic have focused on institutional aspects of taxation and produced statistical information of great value. The historian who is trying to understand the social structures of the past should, however, examine the significance, nature and function of taxation in its wider historical context. In this sense, and in the specific case of post-Roman, or Visigothic, Spain, a study of the social aspects of taxation reveals new meanings of the term 'politics', showing it to involve far more than a single inflexible concept independent of social factors. On the one hand, one should not equate taxation with fiscality, because the latter is one part (that concerning the fiscus or royal patrimony) of the wider whole comprised by the former: the capacity of the regnum to yield tribute, which is in turn related to revenue extracted by the aristocracy. It was the fiscal dimension of taxation that allowed the Visigothic kingdom to survive in Spain for two centuries. On the other hand, the centre, occupied by different sectors of the potentes , negotiated with other groups of these same potentes . These negotiations underlay military support for the centre, as well as provoking crises and mistrust when they were bypassed. Taxation was an integral part of such negotiations.     

近代早期英国社会的等级性质

近代早期,英国社会发生了剧烈的动荡和变革,社会流动以前所未有的速度发生着,人们的社会位置、相互关系日趋多样化、复杂化.但是,这些变化并未从根本上动摇英国的社会结构.在近代早期的英国社会中,等级观念和等级制度仍然占据主导地位,这一时期的英国社会依然是一个等级色彩十分浓厚的社会.     

Human nature: The perspective from sociobiology

Edward O. Wilson. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975. ix + 697 pp. Illustrations, figures, tables, glossary, bibliography and index. $20.00     

The nature of ionospheric spread-F irregularities in mid-latitude regions

Initially, this paper considers earlier experimental results (some of them hitherto unpublished) obtained by making observations on signals returning from mid-latitude spread-F irregularities. These results suggest associations between spread-F irregularities and nighttime travelling ionospheric disturbances. Statistical analyses are then described which investigate the spread-F phenomenon at a number of mid-latitude stations with approximately the same latitudes but distributed over a range of longitudes. An east-west movement of spread-F irregularities is revealed when the occurrence at these stations is considered relative to days of enhanced occurrence at a particular station. All the experimental evidence presented in the paper supports the idea that the appearance of mid-latitude spread-F ionograms results primarily from specular reflections from relatively-large-scale structures which can be imagined as being in fact nighttime travelling ionospheric disturbances. These are, in turn, possibly related to internal gravity waves in the neutral atmosphere. It is suggested that the small-scale ionospheric structures (which are undoubtedly also present) are effective in inhibiting some of the specular reflections thus contributing to the diffuse nature of some records. This idea is quite contrary to the generally-accepted view that the spread-F traces are a direct consequence of scattering from these small-scale structures.     

The social life of local museums

Through an ethnographic analysis of the social life of three non-anthropological 'museums' in a town in south-eastern Sicily, the contours of public space and public culture are examined in a political environment marked by deeply rooted political conflicts. Local and provincial 'politics of culture', a largely overlooked dimension in traditional anthropological approaches to politics in Sicily and Italy, are analysed. The article also investigates, from a Sicilian and ethnographic point of view, a proposition that underlies many recent North American studies on museums and the politics of culture. Employing a postmodern perspective, these studies have shown the political and conflictual character of museums. They are represented as institutions in which it is possible, if not indeed necessary,for the political and social tensions that roil public space to be represented in a controlled, dialogical form. Even when placed under the gaze of postmodern analysis, therefore, the museum is still viewed as retaining its character as a 'democratic' and public forum. This article looks at what happens in the case of 'museums' where public space assumes unexpected forms, less 'solid' and, instead, radically conflictual. In questo scritto, attraverso l'analisi etnografica della vita sociale di tre musei non antropologici di una piccola città della Sicilia sudorientale, l'autore esamina la conformazione della cultura e della spazio pubblici in un contesto connotato da forte e stratificata conflittualità politica. Intende così analizzare le 'politiche della cultura' messe in atto a livello locale e provinciale, una dimensione spesso poco considerata dagli studi antropologici tradizionali sulla Sicilia e l'Italia. Cerca, in conclusione, di mettere in evidenza e criticare, da un punto di vista etnografico e siciliano, un assunto di molte recenti analisi nord americane sui musei e sulle politiche culturali. Questi studi, assumendo spesso uno sguardo postmoderno, hanno esplicitato il carattere politico e conflittuale del museo. Esso, infatti, è presentato come un'istituzione nella quale è possibile, se non proprio necessario, rappresentare in forme dialogiche e controllate le tensioni politiche e sociali che agitano lo spazio pubblico. Anche in una prospettiva postmoderna, l'istituzione museo conserva, però, il proprio carattere democratico di 'forum' pubblico. Questo scritto si chiede allora cosa accade quando lo spazio pubblico assume conformazioni inattese, meno strutturate rispetto a quelle nordamericane e radicalmente conflittuali.