论法国七月王朝君主立宪制的建立

1830年革命爆发后,大资产创建了七月王朝．它是法国君主立宪制发展的最高和最后阶段。七月王朝君主立宪制的合法性基础在于它对复辟王朝的政治制度既肯定又否定,既继承又发展,既有趋同又有超越。法国大资产与土地贵族之间的天然敌对关系,则孕育了七月王朝取代复辟王朝统治的历史必然性。由于近代法国长期存在的宪政困境和大资产本身的局限性,致使七月王朝君主立宪制具有难以避免的缺陷。     

福蒂斯丘与英法封建君主制比较

福蒂斯丘爵士是15世纪英国的法学家和政治理论家,他最早研究了中世纪末英国的君主制类型及其与其他君主制的区别。他的特殊经历使其首次提出英国实行的是"政治且王室的统治",以区别于法国的"王室的统治"。上述两种类型的封建君主制在形成过程和统治方式上大相径庭,统治结果也截然分明,两者的优劣判若两途。福蒂斯丘有关"政治且王室的统治"的理论不仅揭示了中世纪末英国封建君主制的类型,对宪政理论的发展也具有奠基意义。     

福蒂斯丘与英法封建君主制比较

福蒂斯丘爵士是15世纪英国的法学家和政治理论家,他最早研究了中世纪末英国的君主制类型及其与其他君主制的区别。他的特殊经历使其首次提出英国实行的是"政治且王室的统治",以区别于法国的"王室的统治"。上述两种类型的封建君主制在形成过程和统治方式上大相径庭,统治结果也截然分明,两者的优劣判若两途。福蒂斯丘有关"政治且王室的统治"的理论不仅揭示了中世纪末英国封建君主制的类型,对宪政理论的发展也具有奠基意义。     

斯图亚特王朝早期议会与王权的斗争

斯图亚特王朝早期(1603-1642),以国王为代表的王权与以资产阶级和新贵族为代表的议会之间围绕着王室财政、宗教、外交及议会自身权利等问题,由矛盾到冲突,再到决裂,呈现逐步升级之态势。从斗争全过程来看,王权与议会斗争的实质是主权之争,而以议会处于强势为特征。议会之所以能在斗争中处于强势地位,根本原因在于人民群众斗争的推动。     

From Science to Religion: Justifying French Pacific Voyaging and Expansion in the Period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy

Abstract

What explains the generous state sponsorship of the French Pacific voyages of scientific exploration in the period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy, and what links did these voyages have with the beginnings of a French Pacific empire from 1842? While it is argued that the early voyages owed much to state advancement of science, this goal receded as a reviving France became increasingly imperial minded. In justifying imperial expansion into the Pacific, the French monarchy turned increasingly to another source of national identity and global influence: the activities of French missionaries. Though the promotion of French missions did not constitute a primary goal of French Pacific expeditions, their reports helped to strengthen the alliance between French missions and an increasingly expansionist state. Ironically it was the voyagers’ attention to religion rather than science that was to be more directly linked with the foundations of a French Pacific empire.     

近代早期法国的乡村共同体与村民自治

作为一个自治性质的政治单位,乡村共同体以习惯法为基础,通过村民会议及其代表自主地管理共同体的公共事务。受近代早期法国社会经济形势和王权扩张的影响,这一自治组织发生了变化。村民"委员会"取代中世纪带有"直接民主"性质的村民会议,成为共同体的主要决议机构。代表共同体居民利益,管理乡村事务的村官则日益成为中央政府的代表,乡村共同体最终被转化为正式的基层行政单位。     

The Limits of Napoleonic Centralization: Notables and Local Government in the Department of the Isere from the Consulate to the beginning of the July Monarchy

The law of 28 Pluviôse VIII (17 February 1800), whichinstalled a new administrative regime in France, appeared toestablish an extremely centralized system in which the notablesfulfilled no more than an honorific function. The Napoleonicperiod is thus regarded as the apogee of administrative centralization.On the basis of a study of the Isère from the Consulateto the July Monarchy, however, this article seeks to show thereality of elite participation in local affairs, the existenceof a ‘système des notables’ from the timeof Napoleon onwards, and the fundamental continuity in thisrespect with succeeding regimes. The notables did not hesitateto lobby the government in order to defend the interests ofthe department when this was necessary. They also played anessential role in the conduct of local administration and exerciseda decisive influence over the choice of local officials beforethe advent of elections in the 1830s.     

Sur-i Israfil in Exile: Modern Definitions of Monarchy

After the bombardment of the Majlis in June of 1908, several Iranian constitutionalists were forced into exile—if not arrested and persecuted. An influential group of these constitutionalists continued the publication of the Persian paper Sur-i Israfil in exile, in Yverdon, Switzerland, explicitly opposing the monarch, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. This article examines the ways and means by which the exiled constitutionalists, in their writings, challenged the monarch and the previously indisputable office of monarchy, and how they proposed to re-define the institution of monarchy. Paradoxically, their marginal setting, writing from European exile, far away from the Iranian borders, did not preclude them from expressing views that were influential in shaping the modern political culture of Iran.     

《黄嘉略与早期法国汉学》评介

许明龙所著《黄嘉略与早期法国汉学》一书已由中华书局于2004年1月出版发行,这是一部很有水平的学术专著,值得研究中法关系史和早期法国汉学的学者认真一读。