试析威尔逊政府的经济思想和实践(1964-1970)

1964 -1970年的威尔逊工党政府 ,在思想上试图将科学革命与工党党章规定的目标结合起来 ,实现一种温和的扩大公有制的经济战略 ,但面对工党内部的压力、经济危机和工会的制约等因素 ,在具体行动中执行的是左右逢源的政策。这种思想和实践上的差异 ,在内部导致了思想上的混乱和争论 ,在外部表现为经济目标和政策上不确定 ,由此注定了该届工党政府的失败结局     

One Hundred Members of the Association of British Neurologists: A Collective Biography for 1933–1960

This article draws a quantitative portrait of British neurology in the interwar and postwar periods through an analysis of the first 100 members of the Association of British Neurologists. Through its presentation of data, this article argues that the members of the Association of British Neurologists were extremely ambitious and as a whole had attained unusually high levels of social, professional, and civil distinction. It makes this argument through an examination of their social and educational backgrounds, the trajectory of their careers, and their achievements in the form of editorships of journals, professorships in medicine, positions in government, honorary degrees, and other indicators of merit. This collective study therefore offers an explanation for how the Association of British Neurologists transformed from an elite club in the 1930s into an organization that eventually came to represent clinical neurology across Britain.     

“British Tribute to Virginia Valor”: Unveiling the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Statue

This article outlines the political agendas surrounding the dedication of the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Statue, an early Confederate monument commissioned in Britain in 1863 and unveiled with much fanfare in Richmond, Virginia in 1875. It argues that the statue’s British provenance made it an ideal means of expressing the distinctive claims of the Conservative Party of Virginia. By commemorating both General Jackson and Britain’s Confederate sympathizers, modernizers in the Conservative Party presented themselves as representatives of an Anglo‐Saxon Christian value system, guardians of the “Old Dominion’s” immemorial character, and defenders of political views that held national and international significance. Thus the Conservatives dedicated an international monument to a transatlantic and implicitly racist cultural tradition as part of their larger effort to facilitate Virginia’s integration into the reconstructed national union on terms favorable to the former Confederates.     

Three Twentieth-Century Multiauthored Neurological Handbooks – A Historical Analysis and Bibliometric Comparison

The emergence of neurology as a separate specialty from internal medicine and psychiatry took several decades, starting at the end of the nineteenth century. This can be adequately reconstructed by focusing on the establishment of specialized journals, societies, university chairs, the invention and application of specific instruments, medical practices, and certainly also the publication of pivotal textbooks in the field. Particularly around 1900, the German-speaking countries played an integral role in this process. In this article, one aspect is extensively explored, notably the publication (in the twentieth century) of three comprehensive and influential multivolume and multiauthor handbooks entirely devoted to neurology. All available volumes of Max Lewandowsky's Handbuch der Neurologie (1910–1914) and the Handbuch der Neurologie (1935–1937) of Oswald Bumke and Otfrid Foerster were analyzed. The handbooks were then compared with Pierre Vinken's and George Bruyn's Handbook of Clinical Neurology (1968–2002).

Over the span of nearly a century these publications became ever more comprehensive and developed into a global, encompassing project as is reflected in the increasing number of foreign authors. Whereas the first two handbooks were published mainly in German, “Vinken & Bruyn” was eventually published entirely in English, indicating the general changes in the scientific language of neurology after World War II. Distinctions include the uniformity of the series, manner of editorial involvement, thematic comprehensiveness, inclusion of volume editors in “Vinken & Bruyn,” and the provision of index volumes. The increasing use of authorities in various neurological subspecialties is an important factor by which these handbooks contrast with many compact neurological textbooks that were available at the time.

For historiographical purposes, the three neurological handbooks considered here were important sources for the general study of the history of medicine and science and the history of neurology in particular. Moreover, they served as important catalyzers of the emergence of neurology as a new clinical specialty during the first decades of the twentieth century.     

理想主义还是现实主义?——威尔逊政府对华政策评析

关于美国总统威尔逊的理想主义外交,国内外学者持有不同的见解。从美国和当时的欧亚强国在对中华民国的承认、善后大借款以及对日本"二十一条"的不同反映等问题上可以看出,威尔逊在处理对华政策上和欧亚列强有着鲜明的差别,带有毋庸置疑的理想主义色彩。然而,尽管美国和欧亚强国在对华政策上存在明显的差异,其本质是一致的,即都是以维护本国的国家利益为根本目的。     

威尔逊与菲律宾的"菲化"

美国统治菲律宾初期,共和党采取双重的殖民政策,拒绝对其独立做出明确的承诺。威尔逊执政以后,不仅委派弗朗西斯·哈里森在菲律宾推行一系列“菲化”政策,而且还力促议会讨论通过并亲自签署《琼斯法案》,答应在菲律宾人建立稳定政府后就给予他们最终的独立。但他又认为,自治是一种性格,菲律宾的独立,要等到美国所强加的命令和他们应该拥有的自治达到最好调节的时候,扩大自治的速度和兑现独立承诺的时间要视菲律宾的安全和美国的长远利益而定。所以,威尔逊对菲政策的实质就是美国殖民统治下的激进改革,目的仍然是为了维护美国的国家利益。     

墨西哥革命与第一次世界大战期间的英美墨关系

1917年墨西哥政府颁布了一部限制外国人在墨拥有财产的新宪法。此后不久德国外交部长阿瑟·齐默曼发电报给墨西哥领导人卡兰萨,提议双方建立同盟关系。为了更有效地控制全国,不久卡兰萨宣布没收英国在墨西哥的最大投资——铁路。这一系列举动严重激化了墨西哥与美国和英国的矛盾。1917-1918年,美英之间就如何处理与卡兰萨政府的关系问题产生了巨大分歧,但由于需要美国的帮助,英国政府最终作出了妥协。第一次世界大战的结束使英国失去了在墨西哥的影响力,从而进一步加强了美国对拉美地区的控制。     

The assessment of Perkins’ patent metallic “tractors”: Abandonment of an 18th-century therapeutic fad following trials using sham instruments

ABSTRACT

From 1799 to 1801, with the instigation of John Haygarth, physicians in England evaluated the claims of Elisha and Benjamin Perkins that their patented “metallic tractors” could cure a wide variety of disorders. Previous therapies were typically judged based on experience and authority, whereas Perkinism was evaluated using a series of clinical trials of varying methodological sophistication, most employing sham instruments (all but those involving infants or horses), with a variety of trial designs, inconsistent use of contemporary controls, and different approaches to blinding subjects to the treatment administered. Haygarth and his colleagues collectively demonstrated that tractors and sham instruments produced equivalent effects in adults, and, by inference, that the tractors had no special therapeutic properties. Other trials using only genuine tractors demonstrated no effects in infants and horses, subjects who could not reasonably be influenced by suggestion and the imagination. These collective results provided strong support for the rival hypothesis that the observed effects were due to suggestion and the imagination of the subjects. Despite fallacy-laden counterattacks and counterarguments from Benjamin Perkins and his supporters, the trials eroded support for this therapy and led to abandonment of the “Metallic Practice” as a treatment in Britain and elsewhere.