试析盛京内务府户口(1644-1796)

本文根据《盛京内务府户口册》、《黑图档》、《满州旧惯调查报告书》等文献,对于《盛京内务府户口册》册载人群的来源、在八旗制度中所处的地位及人丁编审制度特点等进行分析,认为盛京内务府实行的是等级包衣管理体制,包衣除身份低贱的在档奴仆外,还有正身旗人。由于内务府正身旗人兼有包衣身份,较之     

嘉道年間江南的漕弊

嘉道年間的漕務是與積弊聯繫在一起的,作爲一種常態而存在的漕弊,本身即是制度的組成部分。在財政層面,漕弊主要表現爲旗丁幫費問題、大小户問題、漕糧的浮收勒折與虧空問題。嘉道年間的江南,一方面是倉漕衛所規費、旗丁幫費、官紳漕規、州縣浮收逐年遞增,而另一方面,捏災、短漕、虧空也隨之愈演愈烈,這導致了漕糧河運制度在道咸之交的崩潰。本文認爲:從財政結構的角度來看,所謂漕弊是各種浮費代表的額外財政對於額定財政的空前侵蝕。     

Gender for the 99 per cent (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

This article looks at the ways elite actors – men and women – try to reinforce gender inequality in order to justify class inequality. In class societies, elites try to naturalize inequality. They often use race or religion, but they always use gender. Gender buttresses class inequality so well because of the way it is embodied – it brings inequality into the most intimate, treasured and loving parts of our lives.     

G.E. Moore and political philosophy: Gerald F. Shove's fellowship dissertation (1911)

In 1911 Gerald F. Shove, later to become a leading Cambridge economist, submitted to King's College a fellowship dissertation on the application of G.E. Moore's ethical philosophy to political theory. In the article the dissertation, hitherto unpublished, is discussed with reference to both the acceptance and elaboration of Moore's Principia Ethica by the members of the Apostles and Bloomsbury groups and Shove's intellectual and personal biography. The thesis tackles some major concepts in political theory like the nature of human societies, self-government, justice and freedom.     

Wave Hindcasting and Anchoring Activities in Ancient Harbours: The Impact of Coastal Dynamics on Ancient Carthago Nova (Cartagena,Spain)

Journal of Maritime Archaeology - This study analyses nautical harbour activities and their spatial distribution using a high-resolution method of wind-wave hindcasting, in order to identify the...     

关于郑州市洼刘村西周早期墓葬(ZGW99M1)的两点认识

1999年10月至2000年4月,郑州市文物考古研究所为配合郑州高新技术产业开发区重阳街西拓工程,对道路征用的郑州洼刘遗址地段进行了勘探发掘,清理了一批二里头文化时期的窖穴及西周贵族、平民墓葬。其中,1999年10月下旬从洼刘遗址保护区内排污管道沟挖毁的西周墓葬(编号ZGW99M1)内出土了一批精美的西周     

Faces of Homo floresiensis (LB1)

Since being excavated in 2003, the skull of LB1 (the holotype of Homo floresiensis) has been given many faces, though the details regarding how each was accomplished are typically few. Here we detail our application of known, and verified, relationships between the skull and soft tissues of anatomically modern humans to produce an evidence-based facial approximation of LB1. We then compare our results to nine pre-existing LB1 faces using geometric morphometrics. These analyses suggest our facial approximation differs in proportional facial width, upper lip height and nasal morphology. Some of these differences are likely due to a different interpretation of taphonomic and excavation damage, application of different 'forensic' methods and/or an idiosyncratic incorporation of aspects of non-human primate morphology. Other differences, and in particular upper lip height, are less justifiable in relation to the skeletal evidence.     

应用热辅助水解甲基化裂解气相色谱质谱技术对古代漆器漆膜的分析研究

为了改良漆器漆膜的性能,古代漆工在制作过程中通常向生漆中加入干性油等添加剂。为了确定生漆及添加剂的种类,本工作采用四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)作为甲基化试剂,利用热辅助水解甲基化裂解气相色谱质谱(THM-Py-GC/MS)技术对所选的参考样品进行分析,然后将成熟的方法和实验条件应用到古代漆器的分析研究中。在古代样品中检测出了3-十五烷基邻苯二酚(C15)、3-十五烯基邻苯二酚(C15:1)等来源于中国、日本地区种植的Rhus vernicifera树种的生漆的特征热裂解化合物,确定了所用生漆的种类。另外,本实验在古代漆器中检测到了棕榈酸、硬脂酸、庚酸、辛酸和壬二酸等脂肪酸,推断该漆膜中添加了干性油。利用三维视频显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析方法发现古代漆器采用了在胎体上依次髹漆灰、底漆和色漆的髹漆工艺,其中漆灰主要由漆液和钠长石、石英调制而成,黑色漆膜的呈色颜料为含铁化合物,揭示了古代漆器的髹漆工艺。该研究结果不仅增强人们对古代漆器制作材料和工艺的科学认知,而且为保护漆器这一独特的文化遗产提供科学依据。     

Ancient DNA of the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

We report analysis of ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences from nine archaeological specimens (8 femura and 1 incissor) of Rattus exulans excavated from Anakena Beach Dune on Rapa Nui. Sequence of a 239-base-pair fragment of the hypervariable mitochondrial control region reveals a single mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of all samples corresponding to the R9 haplotype prevalent in East Polynesia. This suggests a single or very limited introduction of Rattus exulans to the island. Rapa Nui, like other remote islands of Polynesia, remained effectively isolated following colonization.     

Presence of the African Saber-toothed FelidMegantereon whitei(Broom, 1937) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Machairodontinae) in Apollonia-1 (Mygdonia Basin, Macedonia, Greece)

We have made a multivariate morphometric study of the fossils ofMegantereonfrom the Apollonia-1 site at the Mygdonia Basin (Macedonia, Greece), using discriminant functions. Results obtained indicate that these specimens belong to the African speciesMegantereon whiteiBroom, which is also found in the Lower Pleistocene of Dmanisi (East Georgia, Caucasus) and Orce (Southern Spain). Morphofunctional studies ofM. whiteisuggest that this saber-toothed felid was an ambush predator with great killing capability in relation to its food requirements, thus leaving enough meat to be scavenged by both hyaenas and hominids.M. whiteimay have played an important ecological role making the first dispersal ofHomoto Eurasia the Lower Pleistocene possible.     

Distribution parameters of guanaco (Lama guanicoe), pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) and marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in Central Argentina: Archaeological and paleoenvironmental implications

In this paper we use non-ambiguous collections and sightings data from the 18th century to generate potential distribution models of three species of South American ungulates. These ungulates (Lama guanicoe -guanaco-; Ozotoceras bezoarticus -pampas deer- and Blastoceros dichotomus -marsh deer-) have different and specific environmental requirements. Through MaxEnt software, twenty-two environmental variables that characterize the distribution area of each species are defined. Once the models are generated, they are compared with the faunal associations found at Late Holocene archaelogical sites in order to infer paleoenvironmental conditions. We also discuss the role played by humans in the faunal associations which are "anomalous" or inconsistent with those models, like the spatial overlap of guanaco and marsh deer.