Magnus Gustaf Blix (1849-1904); neurophysiological, physiological, and engineering virtuoso

This paper was written to honour the 150th anniversary of the birth of Magnus Gustaf Blix. Blix belongs to the small group of 19th century physiologic neuroscientists who still regularly are cited, on account of having presented fundamental results. He contributed to three fields: somatic sensation, and visual and muscular function. He was the first to publish evidence regarding modality specific receptors in the skin. He extended the work of Hermann von Helmholtz on the optical properties of the anterior ocular chamber of living humans, after having constructed the necessary apparatus. He also measured the heat production of contracting muscles. For this purpose he constructed the apparatus that provided a start for A. V. Hill's Nobel Prize-winning work in the field. He showed for the first time that the power of muscle contractions depended on the length/extension of the muscle fibres. He worked on the possibility of muscle powered human aviation. For this purpose he constructed a bicycle dynamometer for measuring the maximal human power output. He was the vice-chancellor of Lund university when he died from an acute disease in 1904 at the age of only 55 years.     

Citizenship and religion in the Italian constitutions, 1796-1849

This article explores the link between religion and politics, religious liberty and the rights of religious minorities, by focusing on the constitutions which Italian states adopted and discarded from 1796 to 1849. It concerns questions about the ‘national character’ and the rights and duties of the citizen, and argues that - far from being ‘an outlet’ for material discontent - questions of religious identity and pluralism were integral to the Risorgimento definition of liberty. In this context, the author explores also the Mazzinian vision of a democratic republic inspired by an acephalous and non-hierarchical civil religion, similar to the Unitarian Transcendentalism practiced by some of his New York admirers - a far cry from the ‘religions of politics’ inspired by Saint Simon and Auguste Comte.     

香港与内地的贸易关系（1869-1904）

两次鸦片战争后,中国对外贸易的空间格局发生了很大变化,全国对外贸易枢纽由广州逐渐北移至上海.在中国沿海唯一能与上海争雄的口岸只有香港,这得益于香港优越的地理位置及宽泛的贸易辐射面.本文力图阐明19世纪后期到20世纪初,国内主要通商口岸与香港之间贸易关系的演进,分析其发展变化的具体表现形式.     

近代西藏安全环境与清政府之战略回应(1888—1904)

本文试图利用当代国际政治学相关理论,阐述1888年至1904年西藏面临的安全环境,探讨英、俄两国在西藏的博弈与清政府的被动回应,以及清对西藏安全环境渐次认识和制定的相应安全战略,并对清政府的安全战略进行探讨。     

契约华工在南非(1904-1910)--兼论南非华、印侨工之比较

本文以19世纪末、20世纪初世界经济转型和劳动力大迁徙为国际背景,记载了1904-1910年南非契约华工的历史.文章主要围绕契约华工赴南非的历史原因,中、英两国政府的相关政策,华工在南非金矿的劳动和生活状况以及南非契约华工的历史影响与贡献等方面进行分析与阐述.此外,本文通过记述劳动力迁移过程中,南非契约华工与印度侨工的不同经历,比较了二者在迁移类型和生活境遇上的异同;并针对其产生差异的原因作出分析.     

Jewish experiences in the Italian Risorgimento: political practice and national emotions of Florentine and Leghorn Jewry (1849-1860)

Recent political and historical debates in Italy have led to a re-examination of the Risorgimento. This article asks what this revisionist reconsideration of the national past means for Italian Jews and whether Italian-Jewish history needs to be rewritten. Taking Tuscany as a case study, this article examines Jewish experiences in ­Florence and Leghorn during the Risorgimento, from the return to power of Grand Duke Leopold II after the revolution of 1848-9 to 1859, when Tuscany joined the new Italian national state. Tuscan Jews participated enthusiastically in the national movement, playing a decisive role in the development of the new political culture and in creating the emotional appeal of the nation. Jews were deeply integrated into the new national state and shared the same values and political attitudes as their Christian counterparts. Any reconsideration of the Risorgimento must take into account that - from a Jewish point of view - this period had remarkable innovative aspects and promising perspectives.     

潍县城:晚清民国时期一个区域性大都会的城市地域结构(1904—1937年)

作为晚清民国时期的一座区域性大都会,潍县城市地域结构表现为"西绅东商"的特征:士绅主要聚居于主城,东关西半部和白浪河西侧则是工商业最为繁盛之地。这种地域结构特征实际上在晚清以前即已形成,1904年胶济铁路的通车并未在潍县火车站一带形成可观的城市地域,"西绅东商"特征表现出强烈的稳定性。士绅近官署而居的居住习惯、潍县城輨毂胶东的交通区位特征、晚清民国时期颇具规模的城市建设运动和东关因有城墙环绕而表现出的安全优势,是造成这种稳定性的四个内在原因。