Changes in reindeer body part representation at Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France

Foraging theory models are used to examine changes in reindeer body part representation in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic ungulate assemblages at Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France). Previous research suggests that climate change resulted in progressive increases in reindeer abundances throughout the region. If increased forager encounter rates with reindeer resulted in decreased transport distances and search times, central-place forager models predict that field processing at the kill site will decline and reindeer body part transport will become less selective. This prediction is supported, and reindeer skeletal element abundances are shown to become increasingly even and incorporate higher frequencies of low utility elements through time. The progressive shift in reindeer transport strategies operates across technological and hominin species boundaries including the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition.     

论法兰西共和国国民教师的政治职能

法国大革命前后,小学教员的职能是有根本性区别的。19世纪共和体制的形成和巩固过程中,小学教员扮演过一种不容忽视的宣传角色。他们的努力令世俗观念深入国民心中,从而为政府与教会分离法的颁布创造了良好的政治和社会环境,并促进了公立学校与教会的分离。笔者认为,应以“国民教师”这一具有政治定义的称谓取代我国史学界对法兰西共和国小学教员的统称“小学教师”。此外,共和政府对其政治角色的限制也印证了“国民教师”称谓的恰当性。     

Collective Amnesia and the Mediation of Painful Pasts: the representation of France in the Second World War

This paper describes research that was designed to examine the assertion that historic designation of properties, under the heritage legislation in Canada's largest province, has a negative impact on the values of those properties. The actual selling price of subject properties was used to establish their value history trends, which were then compared to ambient market trends within the same communities. Almost 3,000 properties in twentyfour communities were investigated, in what is believed to be the largest study of its kind ever undertaken in North America. It was found that heritage designation could not be shown to have a negative impact. In fact there appears to be a distinct and generally robust market in designated heritage properties. They generally perform well in the market, with 74% doing average or better than average.The rate of sale among designated properties is as good or better than the ambient market trends and the values of heritage properties tend to be resistant to downturns in the general market.     

The Shareholders' Revolt at the Compagnie des Indes: Commerce and Political Culture in Old Regime France

During the 1760s a fierce political struggle developed betweenthe shareholders and the royal ministry over the administrationand continued operations of the Compagnie des Indes. Portrayingthemselves as members of a self-governing commercial republic,the shareholders insisted that ultimate authority rested withtheir assembly and accused the ministry of despotic interferencein company affairs. The ministry, concerned with the financialstability of the company, employed the abbé Morelletto shift the debate from the rights of the shareholders to theadvantages of commercial liberty over the company’s privilegedtrading monopoly. Although the ministry succeeded in endingthe commercial operations of the Compagnie des Indes, the affairhad taken place in the public sphere where the publicist Pidansatde Mairobert and the financier Jacques Necker, among others,extolled the patriotism of the shareholders, condemned the despotismof the ministry, and insisted upon the importance of the companyto France’s international presence. By including an accountof the shareholders’ meetings in his anti-Maupeou publicationsof the 1770s, Mairobert linked the affair to the infamous Maupeoureforms, thereby broadening the patriot attack on ministerialgovernment.     

Locke on representation in politics

This article contextualises Hegel's writings on international order, especially those concerning war and imperialism. The recurring theme is the tragic nature of the struggles for recognition which are instantiated by these phenomena. Section one examines Hegel's analysis of the Holy Roman Empire in the context of French incursions into German territories, as that analysis was developed in his early essay on ‘The German Constitution’ (1798–1802). The significance of his distinction between the political and civil spheres is explored, with particular attention being paid to its implications for Hegel's theory of nationalism. The second section examines Hegel's development of the latter theory in The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), stressing the tragic interpenetration of ‘culture’ and intersubjective recognition. A recurring theme here is the influence of this theory on Hegel's interpretation of Napoleon's World-Historic mission, as that was revealed in his contemporaneous letters. Section three traces the tragic dynamic underlying the discussion of war between civilised states in The Philosophy of Right (1821). Section four examines three other types of imperial action in Hegel's mature writings, particularly The Philosophy of History (1832). These are relations between civilised states and culturally developed yet politically immature societies; colonial expansion motivated by capitalist under-consumption; and conflict between civilised states and barbarous peoples. It is concluded that it is misleading to claim that Hegel glorified conflict and war, and that he did not see domination by ‘civilised states’ as the ‘final stage’ of World History.     

法国勃艮第 去博纳幸福地“生一次病”

<正>高楼大厦让人们住得更集中,却也给不少人带来了"都市病"。手机依赖症、购物狂、网络综合症、拖延症、职业倦怠症、搜索依赖症……如果你也出现了这些症状,好吧,那我建议你去博纳幸福地"生一次病",因为"博纳是世界上唯一一座让人想生病的城市",维奥莱拉迪克曾经这样说过。     

法国空中古镇埃兹 “挂”在悬崖上的最美村庄

这座矗立在地中海岸边600米高岩石峭壁上的小镇,极富中世纪欧洲风情,石头砌成的房屋就凿建在两侧,倚望大海。每栋石头砌成的房屋都经过主人精心装饰,点缀着鲜花绿草。这仿佛是座空中小镇,沿着小路盘旋而上,向上看是深邃的天空,向外看是蓝宝石般的大海。这就是浪漫法兰西十大著名小镇之一,也是蔚蓝海岸最美的地方——埃兹小镇。     

Muslims in Britain and France

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