英国早期乡村工业社会研究

英国工业革命中出现的乡村工业社会,是大工业在乡村发展的必然结果和乡村城市化过程的初始阶段。工业家是乡村工业社会的创建者和主宰,主要通过提供住房和管理公共卫生、控制社区的宗教和教育事业、掌控公共管理权力等3个方面来实现对乡村工业社会的控制和管理。开展关于英国早期乡村工业社会的研究,对于了解工业发展与社会转型之间的微妙关系,揭示工业企业家群体对社会事务的广泛渗透和控制,具有一定的启发意义。     

Rhetoric of economic rationality: The foundation of Norwegian transport planning

Planners often present their recommendations as the result of a rational choice process. The appeal to rationality ranks among the planners’ most prominent rhetorical practices. National level Norwegian transport plans convey the impression that environmental problems can be solved by rational economic allocation. Apparent harmony between potentially conflicting goals simplifies the image of society and facilitates the formulation of a consistent and thus convincing policy. The idyllic account of the relationship between economic efficiency and environmental protection is therefore an effectual rhetorical move. Furthermore, the equilibrium solutions of neoclassical economics make it seem like no special interests are favoured at the expense of others. Finding planning solutions seems to be a question of balancing the utilities and costs of small adjustments, purportedly without involving power relations in any explicit way. Hence, the rhetoric of economic rationality serves to present politics as virtually apolitical, transforming it into expert solutions defended by academic jargon which the public is expected to accept rather than digest.     

Resilience and values: Global perspectives on the values and worldviews underpinning the resilience concept

Instrumentalist and critical narratives of resilience have seldom engaged discussing the ‘values’ underpinning it. We propose that mapping resilience values against worldviews can help translate the articulation of theoretical narratives as public policy. This can help establish an evidence-base to assess if resilience thinking is - in practice - the inclusive and participatory agenda that policy claims it to be; or – on the other hand – to understand the ways in which resilience is a new market for exploitation, as its critics have claimed. The inclusion of a worldviews perspective in conjunction with the contextual aspect of place approach associated with geographers will help actors design better resilience-led interventions, by targeting such interventions more appropriately to the values of the target audience. The paper summarizes two dominant narratives and suggests pathways for the inclusion of a third pathway that derives empirical approaches from values-oriented research at multiple scales.     

Policy Feedback Effects on Mass Publics: A Quantitative Review

There has been an impressive stride in the research on policy feedback effects on mass publics over recent years. However, we lack systematic evidence on how large such policy feedback effects are in the literature. This article provides a review of 65 published studies and quantifies the findings and key themes in the policy feedback literature. The results show a great degree of heterogeneity in the domains and outcomes being studied and in the effects of policies on the public. In line with the findings from narrative reviews, feedback effects are greater for outcomes related to political participation and engagement. Last, the review sheds light on important theoretical and methodological limitations to be addressed in future research.     

Alexis de Tocqueville: Selected letters on politics and society

This article reflects on the relationship between historical writing and enquiry and philosophy, and more particularly the manner in which the pursuit of a particular natural philosophy can influence historical narratives. The article begins with a comparison of Roman and Greek approaches to history, employing a distinction between narrative and logic. It goes on to consider the impact of Christianity, the relationship between enlightenment narratives and philosophical developments regarding the nature of causation, and the Hegel/Marx critique of the kinds of empiricism associated with Hume. The article ends by considering the counterfactual historical analysis and the proper relationship between history and philosophy for modern historians.     

Women and politeness: A new perspective on language and society

Robin Lakoff. Language and Woman's Place. New York, Evanston, San Francisco and London: Harper Colophon Books, Harper & Row Publishers, 1975. 85 pp. Bibliography. $2.25 (paper).     

Coconuts on the Move: Archaeology of Western Pacific

ABSTRACT

The coconut was one of the major food crops used by the ancient populations of the western Pacific. Although critical to the successful settlement and sustainability of Pacific populations, the history of the coconut is little known, its presence being recorded by only a handful of archaeologists. This paper will provide for the first time a review of the coconut in the archaeological record, charting its first uses and spread across the Pacific.     

Bringing Organizations Back In: Multilevel Feedback Effects on Individual Civic Inclusion

Policy feedback scholarship has focused on how laws and their implementation affect either organizations (e.g., their resources, priorities, political opportunities, or incentive structures) or individuals (e.g., their civic skills and resources or their psychological orientations toward the state). However, in practice the distinction between organizations and individuals is not clear‐cut: Organizations interpret policy for individuals, and individuals experience policy through organizations. Thus, scholars have argued for a multi‐level model of feedback effects illuminating how policies operating at the organizational level reverberate at the individual level. In this theory‐building article, we push this insight by examining how public policy influences nonprofit organizations’ role in the civic life of beneficiaries. We identify five roles that nonprofit organizations play. For each role, we draw on existing research to identify policy mechanisms that either enlarge or diminish nonprofits’ capacity to facilitate individual incorporation and engagement. From these examples, we derive cross‐cutting hypotheses concerning how different categories of citizens may need policy to operate differently to enhance their civic influence; whether policy that is “delivered” through nonprofits may dampen citizens’ relationship with the state; and how the civic boost provided by policy may be influenced by the degree of latitude conferred on recipient organizations.     

Japanese culture and society: A feast of perspectives

Eichiro Ishida. Japanese Culture: A Study of Origins and Characteristics. Translated by Teruko Kachi. An East‐West Center Book. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press, 1974. 156 pp. Appendices, bibliographies, and index. $9.00.

Thomas P. Rohlen. For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White‐Collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974. 299 pp. Figures, tables, references, and index. $12.50.

Takie Sugiyama Lebra and William Lebra, eds. Japanese Culture and Behavior: Selected Readings. An East‐West Center Book. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1974. xi + 459 pp. Tables and figures. $5.95 (paper).     

Mixed messages & bounded rationality: The perverse consequences of real ID for immigration policy

Policies concerning undocumented immigrants are inevitably ambivalent, creating uncertainty and confusion in the implementation process. We identify a clear example of this ambivalence —U.S. law setting standards for determining the credibility of asylum seekers—that resulted in an increase in asylum grants despite policymakers' intention to make it harder for individuals to obtain the status. We argue that this law, The REAL ID Act of 2005, sent mixed messages to immigration judges (IJs), street-level bureaucrats who implement immigration policy. It increased IJ discretion, but set vague limits. We theorize that IJs, behaving in a bounded rationality framework, use their professional legal training as a short-cut and look primarily to the courts for guidance. Our evidence supports our argument. After the passage of the REAL ID Act, IJ decision-making is more closely aligned with the preferences of their political and legal principals, and, in the final score, the federal circuit courts are the winners.