Sigmund Freud's contribution to the history of the neuronal cytoskeleton

In the summers of 1879 and 1881, while Freud was a research student in Ernst von Brücke's laboratory at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Vienna, he carried out an important though seldom remembered investigation on the internal structure of nerve fibers and cells. His contribution to this field is here examined in the context of the 19th-century debate regarding the existence of neurofibrils and of present views on the cytoskeleton. Freud was able to discern separate fine fibrils following straight courses within the nerve fibers, as well as concentric loops of striae surrounding the nuclei and converging towards the processes of the cell bodies in crayfish nervous tissue. He thus confirmed and extended observations made by Robert Remak almost 40 years earlier, which had remained controversial. Electron microscopy of the crustacean nervous system confirmed Freud's main points, which in turn vindicated those of Remak. Both researchers were looking at small bundles of microtubules, and thus they were among the first to picture the lacy intracellular framework that future cell biologists would call the cytoskeleton.     

《食货》半月刊在经济史学理论领域的学术贡献

陶希圣于1934年12月创办的《食货》半月刊,以会通史料和理论为办刊宗旨,是我国第一份关于社会经济史的专业性期刊。该刊组织众多学者对经济史学理论的一系列重大问题进行广泛探讨,取得了初步成绩,产生了较深远的学术影响,给予我们诸多启示。《食货》半月刊撰稿人系统地译介国外学者的经济史学理论著述,为中国经济史学提供了某些可资借鉴的处于国际学术前沿的学科理论和方法;致力于史料学研究,并在经济史料的搜集和整理过程中提出方法论,形成了风格独特的学派;倡导用各种社会科学理论指导经济史研究,其所主张的综合的贯通的跨学科研究方法,一定程度代表了经济史学科发展的新趋向。     

张星烺先生对中西交通史研究的学术贡献

张星先生是我国中西交通史研究的奠基人之一。本文从五个方面论述了张星对中西交通史研究的学术贡献。张星收集整理汉文资料 ,翻译介绍外文文献 ,介绍西方东方学成就 ,开辟新的研究领域等工作 ,极大地推动了我国中西交通史的研究。     

The Savage Science: Sigmund Freud,Psychoanalysis, and the History of Religion

This article analyzes how Freud takes issue with the prioritization of the present over and above the historical past. Significantly, Freud's understanding of history is closely related to his interest in Christianity's historical dependence on Jewish antiquity. He emphasizes the common sources of both religions: both are shaped by the experience of guilt. Christianity, however, relegates the historical past to the realm of the “old Adam.” According to Freud, Jewish culture, by contrast, revolves around the commemoration of a “savage” (i.e. pre‐modern) past. This article thus focuses on how Freud combines his analysis of onto‐genesis (in his psychoanalytical case studies) with a discussion of phylogeny. The manifestation of psychic illness gives body to the unconscious remembrance of phylogenetic history. Thanks to religious and literary documents an irrational past has been put down in writing. According to Freud, this characterizes their historical truth value.     

王鹗与元代金史撰述

在元代所修宋、辽、金三史中,《金史》颇为学者所赞赏,这与元初名臣王鹗的艰辛努力密切相关。王鹗不但是元代金史纂修的倡导者与开启者,而且所撰写的《汝南遗事》一书与所辑集的金代史事,为金史的撰述提供了珍贵的史料。他的史学活动为元末《金史》编纂奠定了坚实的基础。     

西夏对中国印刷史的重要贡献

西夏王朝善于接受其他民族的优秀文化,继承和发展了中原地区的印刷事业,对中国印刷术的传播和发展做出了多方面的重要贡献扩大了雕版印刷使用地区,繁荣了中国西北部的印刷事业,开创了西夏文字雕版印刷,设置专门管理刻印的机构刻字司;存留有很多珍贵木雕版,丰富了早期雕版印刷实物;首创两种文字合璧雕印,开创草书文字印刷;继承并发展泥活字印刷,为中国发明活字印刷提供重要证据,并成功实践木活字印刷,使木活字印刷发明的时间提前一个多世纪;将印刷术用于基层社会生活,保存了最早的社会文书印刷品,使印刷技术更贴近日常生活;最早使用藏文雕版印刷,存有多种最早的藏文刻本古籍,同时应用回鹘文木活字印刷,保存有最早的字母活字。西夏时期境内的各民族互相交流,互相促进,在印刷领域互相借鉴交流,发展进步,充分体现出西夏在印刷领域对中华民族的重要贡献。     

阎宗临的世界古代史教学与研究

史学家阎宗临早年留学瑞士,攻读世界史,回国后在多所高校从事世界古代史的教学与研究,著有《世界古代中世纪史》、《罗马史》、《欧洲文化史论》、《希腊罗马史稿》、《欧洲史要义》等。阎宗临的世界古代史研究主要集中于西亚、中亚古史和古希腊罗马史,其对西亚中亚古史所作的专题研究,涉及以往很少有人注意到的国家,具有填补空白的学术意义;他撰著的古希腊史和罗马史论著至今读来仍有特色和新意。阎宗临毕生致力于世界古代史的教学和研究,对中国世界古代史学科的发展做出了重要贡献。     

考古学史首先是思想观念的发展史——布鲁斯·特里格《考古学思想史》第二版读后感

英国考古学家科林·伦福儒说过．经历了大概四十年,我们这些考古学者,尤其是英美的考古学者．才逐渐意识到真正的考古学史不仅是指考古发现的历史,也不只是科学技术的发展史。事实上。真正意义的考古学史也是考古学思想的发展史。他还说,经验证明．难度最大的进展是观念上的进步。     

Making Contribution to Hometown

ＭａｋｉｎｇＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｔｏＨｏｍｅｔｏｗｎ￥ＢＡＬＳＡＮＧＩｎＡｕｇｕｓｔ１９９４,ＢａｉｍａＷａｎｇｇｙａｉａｎｄｈｉｓＧｅｒｍａｎｗｉｆｅｆｌｅｗｔｏＬｈａｓａ．ＴｈｅｙｓｉｇｎｅｄａｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔＤｅｖｅ...     

葛洪在文献整理方面的贡献

两晋之交著名的道教学者葛洪的学术成就是多方面的,不仅在道教及相关的化学、医学等领域有卓越的贡献,而且在历史、医药、宗教文献的整理编集方面成就显著。还编著了我国历史上第一部道经目录,对古书的流传散佚情况也提出了非常合理的看法。葛洪在文献整理方面取得的成就和贡献,应该得到学界的重视。     

REPORT The British Contribution to the Neurosciences

The evolution of techniques to manage patients with head injuries has served as the basis for the treatment of other neurosurgical disorders, including brain tumors, intracranial infections, and cerebrovascular disease. In the nineteenth century, advances in anesthesia, asepsis, and cerebral localization slowly took hold and created the groundwork for modern neurosurgery. To better understand the advances in the treatment of brain injuries in the late 1800s and early 1900s, we examine relevant historical literature and, through the courtesy of the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, we review Dr. Harvey Cushing's patient records (1898–1909) in the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical archives. The original case histories of 10 patients (6 in detail) who suffered head injuries and underwent treatment by Cushing illustrate some of Cushing's early attempts at intracranial surgery. We also examine the influences on Cushing as he developed into a leader in the new era of modern neurosurgery.     

试论丝绸对世界文明的贡献

丝绸伴随着人类文明的诞生与发展,有着丰富的文化内涵。丝绸的生产技术,满足了人们物质和精神的双重需要。本文主要论述了古代丝绸在文化传播和科学技术上对世界文明的贡献。