反教权主义与19世纪下半叶法国的教育世俗化

本文从探讨推动19世纪下半叶法国教育制度世俗化的意识形态——反教权主义着手,说明法国教育制度世俗化的独特性。反教权主义并不是一种系统的、统一的意识形态,而是反对教权过多干预社会和政治生活的思想体系。在19世纪下半叶的法国,以资产阶级共和派为主体的反教权主义者与政治上倾向于君主派的教权主义者之间的政治斗争推动了法国教育制度的世俗化。这种斗争决定了法国教育制度世俗化的进程及特征。     

Marxism and Anticlericalism: The Parti Ouvrier Français and the War against Religion, 1882–1905

This article analyses the relationship between French anticlericalism — one of the strongest forces within that nation's political culture — and the Parti Ouvrier Français — the embodiment of nascent Marxism in France. It reveals the ambiguities of the POF's engagement with religion, which ranged from a violent hostility towards the anticlericals, seen as diverting workers from their struggle against capital, to the development of a ferocious socialist critique of the church, seen as an instrument of capitalist oppression. The Marxists' critique of anticlericalism is awarded particular attention, given the usual association between the French Left and hostility towards a supposedly reactionary church, and it is suggested that the POF developed an "agnostic" strategy that might well have guided its politics safely through the storms of French religious politics. Instead, the Parti Ouvrier all too frequently echoed the standard leftist rhetoric of priest-baiting, and even developed its own socialist variant of anticlericalism. The analysis concludes that the resultant aporias in the Parti Ouvrier's political discourse determined the relative failure of French Marxism's intervention in the long war between clericals and anti-clericals.     

Seismic Protection of the Piers of Integral Bridges using Sliding Bearings

Seismic resilience and continued operation of bridges after earthquakes are important seismic design criteria. A new seismic protection concept for integral bridge piers is explored that uses sliding bearings to separate the superstructure from the piers. The influence of sliding bearings on the seismic response of a representative 3-span integral highway bridge is investigated. With sliding bearings, the pier column shear force was limited to the bearing design friction force. Furthermore, the abutment ductility demands were found to be insensitive to the friction forces in the sliding bearings because the bridge displacement demands were controlled by the equal displacement rule.     

Effect of Nonlinear Seismic Torsion on the Performance of Skewed Bridge Piers

This article presents an analytical investigation on the effect of seismic torsion on the performance of a skewed bridge. A nonlinear torsional hysteretic model developed by the authors is applied to idealize the torsional behavior of bridge piers. Deterioration of the torsional strength of piers due to combined flexure is considered and deterioration of flexural strength due to torsion is not taken into account. The effects of pounding between deck and abutments, cable restrainers, and damage of bearing supports are also included in analysis. It is found that the eccentric impact force due to lock of bearing movement results in extensive torsion in piers.     

A Stability-Based Target Displacement for Direct Displacement-Based Design of Bridge Piers

P-Δ effects can cause instability if they are not properly accounted for during the design of bridge piers and other structures. When a bridge pier is designed with the Direct Displacement-Based Design Method, P-Δ effects are evaluated at the end of the design process and compared to the flexural strength of the pier to find a stability index. If the stability index exceeds the specified value, the design must be repeated, iteratively reducing the target design displacement. This article presents a model that when used at the beginning of design (without knowledge of strength) allows the estimation of the maximum lateral displacement that a bridge pier can sustain without exceeding the specified value of the stability index, therefore eliminating the need for iteration. The examples that are presented prove that the model is accurate and very useful for design of extended pile bents.     

Performance-Based Seismic Assessment of Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy-Reinforced Bridge Piers Considering Residual Deformations

The application of superelastic Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) reinforcement in plastic hinge regions of bridge piers has been proven to reduce the residual displacement after a strong shaking owing to its unique shape recovery characteristics; however, the maximum deformation of the piers could increase due to the relatively lower modulus of elasticity of SMA bars and lower hysteretic energy dissipation capacity. In this context, this article applies a recently formulated probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment methodology that considers both the maximum and the residual deformation simultaneously to evaluate the performance of SMA reinforced bridge piers.     

Numerical Analysis of RC Bridge Piers with Rectangular Hollow Cross-section Retrofitted with FRP Jackets

The research presented in this article deals with the seismic retrofit of bridge piers with rectangular hollow cross-section using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets. A two-level numerical approach that combines finite element method (FEM) analyses and fiber modeling is proposed. The FEM is used to study the effect of FRP jackets on the properties of concrete. The analyses show that the existing empirical laws for FRP-confined concrete are not suitable for piers with hollow cross-section, as the effect of confinement is not uniform within the cross-section and the stress–strain curves show softening after peak strength. Fiber modeling is used to study the global behavior of reinforced concrete piers with rectangular hollow cross-section wrapped with FRP jackets. To account for confinement, the properties of the concrete fibers are modified according to the results of the FEM analyses. The proposed method is validated against experimental results and used for an extensive parametric study. It is found that the effectiveness of jacketing is conditioned by the axial load, longitudinal reinforcement, and jacket dimensions. An empirical design equation is formulated on the basis of the numerical analyses.     

Seismic Behavior of RC Bridge Piers under Bidirectional Excitations: Implications of Site Effects

Seismic demand of structures may be potentially magnified due to bidirectional shaking. This may also be strongly influenced by the amplification and/or attenuation of motions due to local site conditions. Current investigation examines the implications of these two aspects collectively. A code-designed reinforced concrete pier has been analyzed under recorded accelerograms and their derivatives from 1-D site analysis. Magnification in peak and cumulative responses due to bidirectional shaking may be sensitive to record-to-record variability. However, such magnification remains relatively stable across site characteristics. Combination rules are shown adequate to estimate peak deformation and deficient for cumulative demand irrespective of the site conditions.     

A Checking Method for Multiple Seismic Performance Objectives of Bridge Piers Designed According to Code Provisions

Seismic bridge design codes require that bridge piers designed according to prescribed design rules should attain specified multiple seismic performance objectives. However, design codes do not explicitly require checking the attainment of specified performance objectives for designed bridge piers. In this article, seismic performance levels have been correlated with engineering damage parameters. A checking method for multiple seismic performance objectives of bridge piers has been outlined and validated with experimental results. The application of the method has been demonstrated by checking the performance of a bridge pier designed according to a code provision for a wide range earthquake ground motions.     

Bridging the old and new worlds

Chester S. Chard. Northeast Asia In Prehistory. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1974. xvi + 214 pp. Tables, illustrations, maps, chapter bibliographies, and index. $12.50 (cloth).     

Art and ideas in the new world

Gordon Brotherston. Image of the New World: The American Continent Portrayed in Native Texts. Translations prepared in collaboration with Ed Dorn, with 118 documentary texts and illustrations. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979. 324 pp.     

Giorgio Agamben and the new biopolitical nomos

In this paper I reflect on the progressive normalization of a series of geographies of exception within Western democracies and, in particular, the relation of these to the new biopolitical power that is progressively affirming itself in our everyday lives — and that appears to be imposing itself as the new, secret, ontology of the political. I do so by engaging with the work of Giorgio Agamben and, specifically, interrogating the spatial architecture that underpins his theory of sovereign power. Starting from Agamben's spatial conceptualizations, I explore his attempt to trace the contours and the secret coordinates of the contemporary biopolitical nomos, a nomos rooted firmly in the crisis and progressive demolition of that which Carl Schmitt described as the ius publicum Europaeum. I note, moreover, how the definitive dissolution of the geographical nomos that had dominated the two centuries preceding the First World War, and the lack of a new, alternative, geographical nomos in the century which followed, can also be grasped by critically rereading some key episodes in the history of European geography; in particular, the contested legacy of the work of Friedrich Ratzel's grand geographical project and the Geopolitik experiment. What I suggest is that to understand the deep nature of the geographies of exception that arm the global war on terror, it is vital that we think in terms of a theory of space in order to try to unveil the Arcanum, the secret enigma of the empty centre around which turn the wheels of a new, macabre, geo‐biopolitical machine.