周代宴飨礼的功能

宴飨礼是周代礼乐的重要组成部分,不同场合的具体礼仪细节有所不同,但普遍施行于上层贵族,甚至影响普通民众的生活.宴飨礼的功能性,包括亲宗、敬友、安宾、乐民四部分.从同宗到民众,从同姓到异姓,宴飨影响所及体现出周人交往圈络的多元化,也表明在宗法制度下,周人的交往具有由近及远,由小及大的属性.     

动物考古视角下的宴飨行为研究

本文结合中西方民族学与考古学研究案例,探讨了动物遗存及其反映的人为加工等信息在宴飨活动鉴别研究中的重要作用。本文强调,通过动物遗存研究宴飨活动,需加强埋藏学研究,关注动物遗存的出土情境,利用多条线索识别和检验宴飨活动的特征。同时,还应加强理论模型的构建,将宴飨活动的具体分析融入对古代社会、经济组织的探索之中。     

最早驯化的是奢侈食品吗？东南亚民族考古学的视角

有重要理由认为,最初驯化的动植物主要是用于宴飨的奢侈食品。以东南亚的部落为个案研究,本文证明,驯化动物和最重要的驯化植物构成了财富形式,专门用于宴飨。另外有许多研究表明,宴飨产生的权力提高和增加了奢侈食品以及主食的产量。这些动力最终导致了野生物种的驯化并使奢侈食品变成了主食。     

偃师商城的仪式宴飨与权力获得（三）

本文主要根据考古材料讨论偃师商城遗址的仪式宴飨问题。作者同时研究了贵族阶层和陶工社区的食物行为方式。通过各种分析,认为偃师商城存在多种不同类型的宴飨仪式,包括大规模的排他性宴飨、小规模宴飨和象征性宴飨。通过陶器量化分析,认为偃师商城宫殿区的贵族们举行过排他性的大规模宴飨,这个结论与该地区历史文献学和考古学集中于贵族仪式、宴飨、献祭和权力的其他研究结果吻合。与此同时,作者对陶工居住区所做的情境分析,显示陶工们也可能在社区宗庙中举行过小规模和象征性的宴飨活动,且同样包括占卜、献祭和宴飨,这也可以从具体的考古遗存中找到证明。研究发现,工匠们的社会权力有随时代逐步增加的趋势。偃师商城的社会政治结构并不是严格等级制的,权力并不仅仅集中在贵族阶层手中。这也可以从偃师商城和整个商王朝的发展过程中得以观察。     

北宋讲武礼新探

根据唐宋时期的国家礼典,北宋的"讲武礼"仍如唐制,是以王朝集结在京重兵,由皇帝亲行大阅为唯一的形式。这一活动在礼仪文本上通北宋一代基本没有变化,在实践上则仅在宋初三朝举行过数次。就其空间的广大与人员众多来说,讲武礼是王朝在非战时状态下举行的最大规模、最高级别礼仪与军事活动。宋初三朝的皇帝大阅,皆在战争或酝酿中的战争之前举行,遂使之具有战争前奏的意义;并且大规模军事集结,又使大阅具有武力威慑的军事功能。正因讲武礼的实质是大规模军事集结,这一代表王朝重大军事动向的活动,在宋辽澶渊之盟后,为了保障根本的安全环境、避免破坏和局,而不再举行。     

聚会与宴飨——人类旅游活动起源新探

人类旅游活动萌芽于何时一直是旅游研究中的未解之题,目前流传较广的是“商旅起源说”.最新的考古学、人类学和民族志研究成果表明,人类旅游活动萌芽应发生在母系氏族社会时期.当时人类不仅已经产生了原始的审美、交往以及休闲娱乐诉求及相应的活动,而且会经常举行以聚会为主要形式、以宴飨为标志性内容的部落联欢、仪式、祭祀、庆典等活动,这些活动,无论是在时间、空间、内容还是活动特征上,都更加接近今天所定义的“旅游”的概念.由此形成本文关于旅游起源的一种新判断,即“聚会起源说”.     

试论重庆涪陵小田溪M12出土的青铜俎与豆

正在古代,俎和豆是祭祀或宴飨时常用的两种器具。《说文》:"俎,礼俎也";"豆,古食肉器也"[1]。后世常将这两类器物并称,用来泛指各种祭祀场所使用的礼器,并几成祭祀礼仪行为的代名词。《论语·卫灵公》:"俎豆之事则尝闻之矣,军旅之事未之学也。"何晏集解引孔安国注:"俎豆,礼器。"[2]《史记·孔子世家》:"孔子为儿嬉戏,常陈俎豆,设礼容。"张守节正义:"俎豆以木为之,受四升,高尺二寸。大夫以上赤云     

唐宋时期乡饮酒礼演变探析

唐宋时期,随着科举制度的发展,乡饮酒礼的宾贡职能一度凸现,宾贡仪式独占了乡饮酒礼之名,而尊德尚齿的乡饮仪式则名为正齿位。此后,宾贡乡饮酒礼逐步转化为科举制的配套仪式鹿鸣宴,进而脱离乡饮酒礼的范畴。在此过程中,乡饮酒礼渐趋缩小为以尊德尚齿为主旨的基层社会的礼仪仪式,并进一步发展为地方儒林盛事,在维系基层社会秩序的实践中发挥着重要作用。     

清朝太上皇帝御赐养老银牌及相关问题

清康熙、乾隆、嘉庆年间,曾先后举行过四次盛大的宫廷宴会,宴请年逾花甲的文武大臣,每次宴请的人数多达千人以上。第一次在康熙五十二年（1713年）农历3月25日举办,赴宴者2800百余人,设此宴之目的在于“养老尊贤之至意”,这次宴飨,尚无“千叟宴”之名。但充分体现了康熙养老尊贤的思想和以此进行社会教化的目的。     

邿召簠及相关问题初探

邿召簠出土于山东仙人台周代邿国贵族墓中的M3,由其铭文可知,此器为男性贵族邿召的自作器,用于宴飨"诸母"、"诸兄"等亲族成员。而M3墓主为成年女性,其身份应为邿召的妻子、宗族的宗妇,此器应为其生前所用并随葬墓中。该器的出土一方面体现了两周时期宗妇在家族中的职责与权力,也从另一方面表明除宗妇外,家族内的"诸母"即各小宗宗族长之妇也有权力参与家族内的宴飨活动。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.