西安碑林博物馆库房降尘的检测分析

本文利用了环境电子显微镜/能谱仪(SEM/EDAX),X-射线衍射仪(XRD)等方法对碑林博物馆新旧库房中的降尘进行了检测分析。结果发现:碑林新旧库房中的灰尘成分复杂,主要元素分布特征基本一致;老库房灰尘有机物含量显著下降,新灰尘中则存在着大量的有机物;灰尘中主要物质为石英(SiO_2),碳酸钙(CaCO_3),石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)和钠长石(NaAlSi_3O_8),具有一定的酸性。库房降尘的组成结构特点说明对其中保存的字画类文物需要开展必要的防尘处理,以避免灰尘中霉菌和酸性物质对纸张纤维结构的破坏作用。     

石质文物风化病害研究及无损微损检测方法

本文讨论了石质文物风化病害的类型及影响因素;总结了目前国内外对石质文物风化程度指标的研究现状,梳理了目前国内外岩体或岩石风化程度的表征指标(包括定性和定量指标),同时对目前石质文物风化病害常用的无损或微损检测方法进行了回顾。     

广西花山岩画岩石生物风化机理及其防治对策研究

花山岩画位于广西壮族自治区宁明县,其保存环境特征是高温潮湿多雨,因而岩画岩石的生物风化作用较为剧烈。本文通过岩画岩石生物风化病害现状调查,在对风化产物的生物学鉴定基础上,对生物风化产物的X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等分析,系统研究了花山岩画岩石生物风化的原因及其过程,并依据现状调查结果,提出了岩画岩石生物风化防治对策。     

秦兵马俑表层风化状况的研究

秦始皇陵兵马俑是稀世的化瑰宝,其风化状况评估是秦俑保护的重要依据。为此,用扫描电子显微镜、热分析仪、孔隙率检测仪、X-射线衍射仪、傅立叶红外分析等手段对秦兵马俑样品进行了相关的理化分析,并根据分析结果,对秦俑的风化状况进行了初步评估。实验结果表明,秦俑没有发生大规模的、可觉察的内部风化现象,但表面出现了轻度风化,并有少量陶俑表面发生了明显的酥解现象。研究结果表明陶俑的保护,特别是表层防风化问题应当作为秦俑保护的重要研究内容。     

核磁共振(NMR)T2分布对云冈石窟风化的初步研究

云冈石窟的保护受到我国文物保护工作者的重视。恶劣的自然环境,加上人为的污染,使云冈石窟的保护问题日显严峻,必须综合治理。然而,在这些复杂因素中,岩体的风化治理最为关键。岩石的孔隙尺寸及其分布是表征岩石力学、水理性质的重要参数。同种岩石,其孔隙率越高或者孔隙分布越大,则表示岩石的力学和水理性质越差。由此可见,借助孔隙率及孔隙分布状况,可表征同种岩石的风化情况。核磁共振横向弛豫时间T2与岩石孔径分布具有一定的线性关系。随着石雕风化的加剧,岩石可视孔隙率增大,孔径大小的平均值也将相应增大。基于这一前提,本研究尝试采用核磁共振横向弛豫时间T2分析石雕文物不同深处的孔径分布情况,通过实验室对云冈石窟新鲜岩石样品,结合抗盐风化安定性实验,和对自然风化样品采用便携式核磁进行无损检测,探讨其风化程度和深度,以便深入研究石雕文物的风化状况。研究结果表明, 风化岩石的新鲜层只有一类小孔隙,弛豫时间约为2~6ms,风化层岩石有大孔隙生成,且随着岩石风化程度增强,小孔径孔隙所占孔隙比例降低,大孔径孔隙所占比例增多。根据不同深度岩样的孔径分布情况,及新鲜岩石的孔径分布情况,可以得出岩石的风化深度为5mm左右。本研究可为后续的现场保护措施提供有价值的信息。     

广西花山岩画抢救性保护修复材料的选择试验

花山岩画受环境因素作用,岩体崩落掉块、片状鳞片状剥离脱落等病害,给花山岩画造成了巨大破坏,威胁着岩画的长期保存。其中物理风化引起的岩石片状脱落病害,以及化学风化引起的颗粒状产物对岩画的危害最大,应尽快采取抢救性保护措施对其进行治理。本工作在现场调查的基础上,通过粘合剂强度分析,以及清洗剂实验,研究了治理物理风化片状剥离脱落岩石片的粘合剂性能,以及化学风化颗粒状产物的清洗效果,并在现场无岩画处进行了初步试验。结果表明,使用丙烯酸树脂环氧树脂改性的粘合剂,用于花山岩画片状剥离病害的治理时,可以达到预期目标。在对颗粒状和薄膜状风化产物进行处理,疏松的颗粒状产物,清除效果较好,对岩石没有明显影响;对于较为致密的颗粒状产物或薄膜状产物未见明显效果。     

广东“南澳Ⅰ号”明代沉船出水铜器腐蚀产物分析

由于海水环境中含有大量氯化物,海洋出水铜器在出水前已发生腐蚀,生成铜的氧化物及氯化物等。本文以广东"南澳Ⅰ号"明代沉船出水的22件铜器残片为研究对象,运用X-射线荧光仪(XRF)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等分析其腐蚀产物和矿物组成,结果表明腐蚀产物主要为铜的碱式氯化物,如Cu2(OH)3Cl和Cu(OH)Cl等,与国外已有研究成果类似,但Cu(OH)Cl在国外海洋出水铜器腐蚀产物中并不常见。     

花山岩画岩体开裂机理统计分析

岩体开裂是危害花山岩画最严重的病害,会对岩画造成毁灭性的破坏。为制定有效的灌浆加固措施,在对岩体开裂成因及影响因素分析和现场调查的基础上,做了统计分析。结果表明:1)岩画区共有418处开裂病害,开裂岩体以风化开裂体为主,占69%,且构造开裂体的厚度大于风化开裂体;2)构造开裂体的钙质、钙质与泥质共同充填比例为78%,高于风化开裂体的52%;3)构造裂隙和风化裂隙的张开度均以小于6mm为主,可知当张开度大于6mm时,开裂体将发生剥离掉块;4)风化开裂体的危险性I级、Ⅱ级所占的比例为57%和22%,小于构造开裂体的64%和27%,但风化开裂体多发育于岩画存在部位,易出现开裂和掉块,破坏更大;5)构造开裂体的厚度较大、裂隙连通性好、危险等级高,而风化开裂体厚度较薄、裂隙贯通性差、危险等级较高。本研究结果可为开裂岩画岩体灌浆加固及后期修复提供理论依据。     

地球物理勘探方法在云冈石窟保护中的应用

地球物理勘探方法是一种有效的地质探测技术,它可依据岩体不同构造、岩石的地球物理性质不同产生的不同物理场来了解岩体地质特征而石窟寺的风化与其所处的岩体的性质有着密切的关系,所以,在石窟保护中应用地球物理勘探方法了解石窟赋存岩体的地质特征具有重要意义。本研究系统介绍了在石窟保护中常用的各种地球物理勘探方法的原理,回顾了电法勘探、探地雷达、地震勘探、井中物探等技术在世界文化遗产云冈石窟保护中的应用情况,同时指出了已有工作中存在的问题。     

周原甲骨灼烧状况与风化原因研究

为了研究周原出土甲骨的灼烧状况与风化原因,用测色色差、X射线衍射、热重、扫描电镜和显微红外等多种分析手段对九种周原无字甲骨样进行了分析。结果表明,被分析样品都曾经受不同温度的灼烧,造成有机质丢失与骨头结构的破坏,这是导致甲骨风化的主要原因。出土后用酸浸泡清洗水垢,可能是导致甲骨风化的另一原因。在用于研究甲骨灼烧状况的诸多方法中,X射线衍射与扫描电镜分析两的作用突出。     

Strofilas (Andros Island,Greece): new evidence for the cycladic final neolithic period through novel dating methods using luminescence and obsidian hydration

The recently excavated coastal prehistoric settlement of Strofilas on Andros Island (Cyclades, Greece) in the Aegean sheds new light on the transitional phase from the Final Neolithic to Early Cycladic period regarding masonry, fortification, and richly engraved rock art. The fortification possesses early evidence of preserved defensive architecture, as evidenced from the plethora of scattered finds from within and around the settlement. Important features are carvings on rock walls which mainly depict ships, animals, and fish. Initial archaeometric dating via the application of luminescence dating of two samples from the fortified wall bearing engraved ships, and by obsidian hydration of two blades employing the new SIMS-SS method (secondary ion mass spectrometry via surface saturation), has been undertaken to determine the site's chronology. The former yields an average date of 3520 (±540) BC and the latter an average date of 3400 (±200) years BC, both of which, within overlapping errors, suggest the main settlement occurred during the Final Neolithic.     

广西宁明花山岩画颜料胶结材料分析研究

花山岩画是研究我国百越民族古代社会历史的重要资料。岩画颜料中胶结材料分析是判断岩画制作工艺、岩画颜料脱落、褪色原因以及岩画病害治理的重要依据。本工作利用三维视频显微镜和材料显微镜、红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS)等,主要分析了花山岩画颜料胶结物成分。结果表明,岩画颜料胶结材料为植物性粘合剂;颜料样品中含有分布均匀的草酸钙,草酸钙的形成与颜料使用植物性粘合剂有关。     

重庆大足大佛湾彩绘绿色和蓝绿色颜料的分析研究

为了确定重庆大足大佛湾彩绘含铜、砷元素的绿色及蓝绿色颜料显色成分,应用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、便携式显微镜等无损调查方法,结合X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)、X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)、显微拉曼光谱仪(RM)等分析方法,对取自大佛湾塑像的绿色及蓝绿色颜料进行调查和分析。结果表明绿色颜料显色成分为为巴黎绿,蓝绿色颜料显色成分为氯砷钠铜石[NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)₄Cl·5H₂O]。根据研究结论推断,氯砷钠铜石可能为巴黎绿的变色产物。该结果为探讨近代人工合成颜料变色机理提供了新的线索和方法。     

当阳赵巷春秋楚墓璧形包金饰片的保护与研究

湖北当阳赵巷M12墓中出土了金属饰片459件,其中部分饰片表面附有满工錾刻的金箔或锡箔,纹饰繁缛精细,线条流畅,极具楚地艺术风格,其中以青铜包金饰片最为精美。因发掘后未经保护处理并长期堆放在库房内,致使金箔多数受压卷曲,纹饰细节均被泥土和锈蚀产物覆盖,散落金箔无法拼合整理,其装饰位置亦无法确定。为制定符合其特殊情况的修复方案,以该墓葬中出土的璧形包金青铜饰片为研究对象,首先采用显微分析、X荧光光谱分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜-能谱、离子色谱等分析手段,对其青铜基体、金箔、锈蚀产物及其埋藏环境进行了科学分析,并以此为基础完成了锈蚀清洗、金箔比对、金箔回贴等相关工作,创新性地提出金箔比对与回贴中的相关原则,并可为同类文物的保护修复提供一套完整可借鉴的保护方案。此外,还整理了先秦时期璧形包金金属饰片的出土情况,并推断其应为漆木盾上的饰件。     

贺兰口岩画风化病害机理

贺兰山岩画在世界岩画中占有重要的地位,由于自然环境因素的长期作用,贺兰山岩画遭受到了严重的破坏,若不尽快采取有效措施,这些珍贵的历史文物将不复存在。但是,截至目前关于贺兰山岩画风化机理的研究甚少,从而严重制约了对其风化机理准确地、有效地科学认识。为此,以贺兰口岩画为研究对象,在风化现状调查的基础上,对其保存环境的温度、湿度、大风及沙尘天气等数据进行统计分析,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段,并结合冻融实验和风洞试验进行风化病害机理研究。研究发现,贺兰口岩画以长石杂砂岩为主,引起其风化的因素有温度、湿度、风沙等。其中,温度变化和风沙剥蚀为主要病害因素。该研究有望为全面了解岩画风化机理以及其后续保护工作的实施提供理论基础。     

Weathering of rock art at two sites in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg,southern Africa

Sediments of the Karoo Basin in southern Africa represent one of the world's finest laboratories for investigating sandstone weathering. The natural breakdown of these sandstones, most notably in the Clarens Formation, is destroying much of the indigenous rock art heritage that exists there. In an attempt to elucidate the operative weathering processes, a range of micro-climatic, rock temperature, rock moisture, rock chemistry, and rock property data have been monitored over a 15 year period at two sites in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg. Results suggest that rock moisture regimes and to a lesser extent, rock thermal regimes exert the most damaging influence on San paintings. It is argued that granular disintegration and the enlargement of existing sandstone pores and bedding planes close to the rock surface, facilitate an increasingly dynamic moisture regime, which leads to an accelerating rate of weathering. Recent technological advances in data collection suggest that a re-evaluation of environmental controls may be necessary before weathering, at a scale appropriate to the deterioration of rock art, can be fully understood. The continued existence of indigenous rock art in southern Africa depends on investigations aimed at the development of techniques for its preservation.     

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating investigations of rock and underlying soil from three case studies

Three rock samples and associated underlying surface (floor) soils of geoarchaeological significance from Greece, Sweden and a modern surface stone-sample from a Danish site were investigated using OSL dating. Thin slice, sub-samples, from drilled core surfaces were prepared. A single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol was used on whole rock slices to estimate the laboratory equivalent dose. Laboratory tests showed that the SAR protocol successfully corrected for sensitivity changes and that a known laboratory dose could be measured accurately.     

Identification of pigments used in rock art paintings in Gode Roriso-Ethiopia using Micro-Raman spectroscopy

In this paper we present results on the rock art painting materials from the Gode Roriso rock shelter, located in the eastern Hararghe region of Ethiopia. This analysis included X-microfluorescence, Micro-Raman spectroscopy and microstratigraphy. As far as the results of the analysis are concerned, a white natural wax (beeswax), carbon black and iron oxides (a mixture of haematite and magnetite) along with charcoal particles (forming as a red colourant) have been applied on a natural substrate constituted of granite containing feldspar crystalline forms. Although very much a science-based piece of research, the results have far-reaching outcomes for understanding the sequencing of pigment application.     

Ethics,politics and practices in rock art conservation

Abstract

Weathering and deterioration of Norwegian rock art has become an increasing area of concern over the last decade, with subsequent increasing efforts towards conservation. This has brought questions onto the agenda regarding the ethics and politics involved in conservation theory and practice. It is argued that such issues have been difficult to debate due to the concept of conservation being regarded as a legal and moral ideal. Referring the situation in Norway to ongoing global debates and perspectives regarding rock art conservation enables us to reveal and discuss some of the fundamental and complex philosophical issues involved. Notions of authenticity which implicitly underlie attitudes to rock art conservation are questioned, and the relationship between ‘green’ politics and rock art conservation is also discussed. A tendency towards uniform solutions and avoidance of critical issues, seen as influenced by strong social-democratic political traditions in Scandinavia, is at odds with the growing realization that most approaches to rock art conservation inevitably have unforeseen and frequently undesired consequences. Rather than further segmenting ethics, politics or practices in rock art conservation, a self-critical and reflective approach is suggested whereby changing concepts of ethics and authenticity are continuously debated.

Aucune loi ne pourra jamais préserver la sacralité d'un lieu … si ce n'est une loi morale, non écrite,adoptée et respectée par chaque individu, un véritable code personnel d'éthique.

(Soleilhavoup, 1994: 14)