Analysis of the Aft Ballast Pump Onboard the American Civil War-era Submarine H.L. Hunley

Since its discovery and raising offshore of Charleston, Warren Lasch Conservation Center scientists have conducted extensive research on the contents and components of the American Civil War submarine H.L. Hunley, the first successful combat submarine. Recent conservation of the aft ballast pump has led to greater focus on the function and configuration of the ballast system and how it pertains to the submarine's sinking. This article relays the latest interpretation on design and use of the ballast system onboard the Hunley; findings from historical research on the components, operation and design of the aft pump, and avenues for further research. Understanding the ballast system and pump may prove highly relevant in answering questions regarding the loss of the vessel and her crew.     

H. L. Hunley Revealed: documentation,deconcretion, and recent developments in the investigation of an American Civil War submarine from 1864

Since 2014, the conservation staff at Clemson University's Warren Lasch Conservation Center in Charleston, South Carolina have been removing the concretion from the hull of H. L. Hunley, an American Civil War submarine lost 1864. In parallel, the archaeological team has been documenting the condition of the hull, the concretion layers, and the hull features revealed by the deconcretion process. This involved photography, direct measurements, and 3D scanning. This article will discuss the strategy for recording the concretion, the techniques used to document the newly revealed hull and its unique features, and the preliminary analysis of their archaeological significance.     

Civil War Iron and the H.L. Hunley Iron Ballast

At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, the Union greatly outpaced the Confederacy in industrial manufacturing capabilities. The Confederacy's economy prior to the conflict was largely based on agriculture, and the Southern states lacked the facilities and skilled labourers to produce iron on the scale necessary to compete with the Union. The possibility of importing products was greatly diminished when President Lincoln instituted a naval blockade around major Southern ports, limiting the amount of cargo that could be imported from Europe. Consequently, the Confederacy was forced to adapt ironworks to wartime purposes. Despite these adaptations, the Confederacy suffered from iron shortages throughout the war. This paper uses the iron ballast found on the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley as a case study for the manufacturing processes, labour relationships and social significance of iron production and usage in the Confederacy.     

Slaves to Sailors: the archaeology of traditional Caribbean shore whaling c.1850–2000. A case study from Barbados and Bequia (St Vincent Grenadines)

The archaeology of the post‐Emancipation Caribbean remains relatively understudied. The collapse of the industrial‐scale sugar plantation systems of the islands in the early 19th century saw a radical re‐organization of socio‐economic life. A new corpus of consumers was created, eking out a living on the margins of island society, but never quite liberated. This period sees the emergence of an Afro‐Caribbean maritime culture focused upon shipbuilding, fishing, turtling and whaling, the latter a particular feature of the eastern Caribbean (Windward Islands). The archaeology of whaling communities, is relatively well understood from the perspective of North America, Australasia and Europe, but less so in the Caribbean. Using two case studies based upon recent excavation and survey work, this paper sheds light on a distinctive maritime cultural response in the post‐emancipation Eastern Caribbean world.     

20世纪六七十年代美国华裔青年“新左派”团体探析

论文论述了20世纪六七十年代美国华裔青年"新左派"团体产生的社会政治背景,华裔青年新左派团体的兴衰与转型。论文认为,华裔青年新左派团体作为亚裔美国人运动一支不容忽视的力量,从校园斗争转向唐人街,开展"草根阶层"运动和"为人民服务"行动,力图发动普通华人向不平等、不公正的社会制度发起挑战,争取应得的平等权益。他们的努力确实取得了一定的成效,让唐人街失学的青少年、失业的劳工、贫困的租客等获得了一些教育、就业、医疗等方面的福利。但是,这些左翼团体主张以"革命斗争"推翻美国政府,脱离了社会实际,因而得不到大多数华人的认同,有的只维持几年就解散了,有的转向"温和",接受了美国主流政治的游戏规则。虽然受特定时代思潮的影响,有一定的"局限性",但其在美国华人民权运动史上的贡献不应被遗忘。正是他们无私无畏的斗争,并发挥教育和引领的作用,才使得普通华人民众的维权意识得以提升,给相对保守"沉默"的华人社区带来一股革新之气。     

Reimagining the City of Fire and Iron: A landscape archaeology of the Angkor-Period Industrial Complex of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay,Cambodia (ca. 9th to 13th centuries A.D.)

In the archaeological literature regional centers often receive far less attention than capital regions and the medieval Khmer Empire (ca. 9th to 15th centuries a.d.) is a classic case in point. At its height, the Khmer Empire stretched across much of mainland Southeast Asia, and it remains the most extensive dominion in the history of the region. To date, however, relatively little archaeological work has been completed outside of the capital of Angkor, and we have a limited understanding of the broader dynamics of the Empire. In this paper we begin to address this lacuna at the remote monumental complex of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, the largest of all the Angkor-period regional centers. We describe the use of remote sensing and ground survey methods to produce the first comprehensive archaeological map of the site. The map data are used to evaluate conventional interpretations of the site as a major industrial complex, urban center and military outpost. The findings have implications for our understanding of early urbanism, industrial production and imperial expansion in the region.     

Rock art and social geography in the Upper Paleolithic. Contribution to the socio-cultural function of the Roc-aux-Sorciers rock-shelter (Angles-sur-l’Anglin,France) from the viewpoint of its sculpted frieze

This article is about the contribution of rock art to current studies on the social geography of European Paleolithic populations. The socio-cultural function of the Roc-aux-Sorciers decorated and occupied rock-shelter is considered through its monumental sculpted frieze. This approach is based on the intended audience, analyzed through the perception of this rock art and the archaeological context of the associated occupations. The site is also considered with regard to the other local decorated sites dated to the Middle Magdalenian with which it shares strong similarities (La Marche, Les Fadets, Réseau Guy Martin).