Folk-Medicine in County Cork

The records of fabulous stones associated with birds are here examined systematically for the first time. Some were purported to be obtained from within the bird and others obtained from the nest. Zahir mora, the Adjutant Bird Stone, was used against snake bite, whilst Alectorius (the Cock Stone), Aetites (the Eagle Stone) and Vulturis (the Vulture Stone) shared a multiplicity of medicinal applications. Quirin (the Hoopoe Stone), Chloritis (the Wagtail Stone) and Corvina (the Crow Stone) supposedly possessed occult powers. The Penguin Stone, Ostrich Stone and Pigeon Stone were probably gastroliths.     

The Magic Numbers Three,Seven and Seventy-Two in Cypriote Folk-Medicine

The Road to Hel, a Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. By HILDA R. ELLIS : pp. VIII + 208, Cambridge University Press 1943, 12s. 6d. Reviewed by G. Turville-Petre.

CEREMONIAL COSTUMES OF THE PUEBLO INDIANS. By VIRGINIA MORE ROEDIGER. University of California Press : Cambridge University Press. 1942. 908. net folio, 241 pp., 40 coloured plates. Reviewed by B. A..     

二次大战期间日本使用中国强制劳工人数初考

本参照纽伦堡国际军事法庭审判纳粹德国使用强制劳工罪时形成的相关法规．运用国内新发掘出的大量日本和伪政权的重要档案献以及国内外研究成果。对日本法西斯在二次大战期间在中国各沦陷区(主要是东北、华北沦陷区,也包括蒙疆、华中、华南沦陷区)强征输出和使用的中国强制劳工主要类别与人数。分别进行了简要考证和计算。并在此基础上加以综合。对战争期间日本强征使用中国强制劳工的总数进行了初步考证。     

加害与受害的双重变奏——对朝鲜BC级战犯的审判及其遗留问题

因日本殖民者在朝鲜实施强制动员计划,许多朝鲜青年被迫或自愿应募为战俘营看守,协助日军看管盟军战俘。日本战败后,盟国为了追究日本法西斯虐待战俘、侵犯人权的罪行,设置军事法庭进行审判,一些战俘营的朝鲜看守作为BC级战犯被起诉和审判,129人被判决有罪。朝鲜BC级战犯背负"对日协力者"的名声,遭遇来自亲朋故旧的蔑视,同时给在故乡的亲人带来了不堪承受的精神压力,一些战犯既不能回归祖国,也无法融入日本社会,面临精神和物质的双重困境,扮演了加害者与受害者的双重角色。他们为了洗刷罪名、恢复名誉、争取合法权益而进行了持久的抗争。     

中国对日本战犯审判研究三题——研究意义、新书简评、史料出版

本文讨论了有关中国对日本战犯审判的三个议题。一是研究意义。认为亚太地区BC级审判为不公正审判的意识在日本社会根深蒂固,本文以战后国民政府审判取证的严格要求及日军侵华时对待中日两方宽严之间极不公正的事例,证明日本社会对BC级审判的认识完全是偏见。二是评价顾若鹏《日本战争罪行与中国审判》。认为该书的最主要贡献是将"日本战争罪行"和"中国审判"置于时、空、内涵都非常广阔的领域进行考察,而且博采与日本和中国相关的政治、法律、军事、社会、文化、外交等方面的研究成果,从广度上和深度上拓展了对日本战争罪行和中国审判的认识。三是简评《中国对日战犯审判档案集成》。认为由中国第二历史档案馆新近公布的《集成》与其他各个机构所藏相关档案的最大不同,在于它是审判领导机构的专门档案,从完整性和唯一性上,可以说填补了国民政府审判档案的空白。     

上级命令不免责原则与国民政府对日战犯审判

上级命令不免责原则是国际刑法中的一项重要原则,它旨在使下级罪行系"执行上级命令"的辩护理由失效。二战以前,人们对于该原则合法性的认知并不一致,但在战后的战犯审判中,该原则与其余追究战争罪责逻辑链的原则一同被深植于国际刑法。相比于审判对象主要为高职级战犯的东京审判,该原则对于审判对象主要为下级军官和宪兵的国民政府审判意义更大。从援用《刑法》到援用《战争罪犯审判条例》,国民政府始终没有放弃对上级命令不免责原则的运用,这在使战犯的相关辩护失效,进而顺利完成定罪的同时,还将该原则由理论推向实践,使之真正具备了国际刑法上的意义。此外,在特定情况下,国民政府还依据罪行轻重程度与命令的违法性酌情考量战犯的减刑问题,这是对战犯权益的维护,同时表明日本社会关于BC级战犯是上级长官"替罪羊"的说法缺乏根据。     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.