新中国成立后历史考证学的新境界

在1949年以前业已取得很大成就的20世纪中国历史考证学,进入新中国以后,由于一批原先熟悉严密考证方法的史学家接受了唯物史观的指导,他们做到既发扬广搜史料、互相参证的优良传统,又能把握历史演进的大势,由表及里,探求历史事件之间的联系和发展演变的趋势,达到对历史本质的认识,因而使历史考证学达到了新的境界。他们的卓越成就为20世纪中国史学谱写了出色的篇章,留给我们许多重要的启示。     

简论尼克松对华政策的影响

经过精心的准备和艰苦的努力 ,尼克松政府终于实现了对华关系的突破 ,中美之间达成了许多开创性的、有深远指导意义的原则性共识。然而 ,尼克松政府的对华政策是建立在冷战及反对苏联扩张的基础之上的 ,因此带有深深的时代烙印 ;这一政策体现了美国安排越南战争后亚洲格局的心态 ,因此有不少一厢情愿的色彩。     

新约圣经中的神迹及其历史影响

新约通过耶稣及其门徒的治病、驱魔及使死者复活等活动,构建了一个以慈爱为主题、程序简约和异族化倾向明显的神迹体系。从形式上看,新约神迹继承了希伯来人的古老传统;而从内容上看,希腊罗马人的多神教文化为基督教的魔鬼增添了新的要素,因而使新约神迹更加充实和生动。神迹是早期基督教发展史上不可或缺的要素,在基督教神迹与教会扩张之间存在着某种互动的关系：基督教借助神迹而得以传播,神迹则因基督教的扩展而对社会产生日见重要的影响。因此,基督教的发展不仅伴随着神迹施行者队伍的不断扩大,而且还伴随着神迹受众的大幅增加。     

韩国的高句丽研究及其史观--以高句丽归属问题为中心

韩国的高句丽史研究的总体状况怎样 ?以什么样的史观分析高句丽的归属问题 ?对中国学界关于高句丽问题的新观点如何评价 ?搞清这些问题 ,对我国进行高句丽问题的对策性研究及加强与韩国的学术交流非常重要。     

尼克松的民权思想及政策实践

20世纪70年代,美国民权运动表现出一些新的特征：民权的含义从社会和政治权力扩大到经济权力;运动的领导权也从中产阶级温和派转移到年轻的激进派手中。在这种情况下,尼克松总统作为南方保守主义的代言人和民权的促进,必须找到一条解决这些问题的有效道路。通过探讨尼克松的民权政策是如何在他的个人信仰和政治需要之间保持平衡的,本力图揭示政治家和他们所生活的社会环境之间的互动关系。     

Courting the Right: Richard Nixon's 1968 Campaign against the Warren Court

When you look at what the United States Supreme Court has done to hamper law enforcement and realize the difficulties the police now have in getting convictions in the first place, I wonder if we truly have representative government anymore. ¹ The main emphasis is on demagogic appeal; crime is the communism issue of 1968. This is the extent to which apparently there is a new Nixon. ²     

16世纪后期英国的外贸公司及其历史作用

16世纪后期的英国,资本主义生产关系已初步形成,工农业生产得到一定程度的发展,呢绒成为英国重要的出口商品。都铎政府采取重商政策,鼓励商品出口。在此背景下,对外贸易公司纷纷成立。这些贸易公司除了在其垄断地区进行正常贸易外,同时从事地理发现和海上掠夺,并代表政府进行外交活动。外贸公司的活动,促进了英国工业的发展,对英国当时和后来的经济发展产生了深远的影响。这一时期出现的外贸合股公司这一组织形式,成为英国17世纪对北美洲和印度实行殖民占领和统治的过渡的组织形式。外贸合股公司为不列颠殖民帝国的创建做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

Compositional Phases,Geography and Historical Setting behind Judges 4-5 and the Location of Harosheth-ha-goiim

In this article I deal with the compositional history, geographical background and possible historical setting of Judges 4-5. I propose that the original heroic, oral material behind these chapters represents two different traditions: One (embedded in Chapter 4) originated in the area of Mount Tabor and the hills to its east and northeast and had the city of Anaharath (the name behind the pun or polemic twist of “Harosheth-ha-goiim”) at its core. The other (part of Chapter 5, 19-22) came from the southwestern Jezreel Valley. These traditions represent memories of turbulent 10^th century BCE events—the fall of the last of the late-Canaanite city-states and the take-over of the region by highlanders (Israelites) just before, or in very early days of, the rise of the Northern Kingdom. They were put in writing for the first time by a North Israelite author in the first half of the 8^th century. This author had only vague knowledge of the western valley tradition (Chapter 5); hence while composing the early song, he “imported” details from Chapter 4, merged the two tales into one account, and “expanded” both to portray a broad (North) Israelite scene. A Deuteronomistic author of the late 7^th century BCE inserted the frames characteristic of the Book of Judges, harmonized Chapter 4 with the Jabin story in Joshua 11, included other “explanatory” notes and entered the divine intervention in Chapter 4. A Deuteronomistic author also introduced the adoration of YHWH segments in Chapter 5.     

北京历史文化街区现状及发展研究

以北京市西城区西四北头条至北八条和什刹海地区的300多份问卷调查结果显示:无论从历史发展规律、城市发展规律或人居环境科学视角分析,旧城区的改造都是必然的,居住于此的多数居民对于危房改造的态度是积极的,并且认同现代化建设可以与保护古都风貌相结合的观点。鉴于此,建议将传统历史文化街区分为三类,即完全原样保护的区域、住宅区和旅游商业区,在改造的过程中注意从总体上把握建筑外观、布局及周边环境与北京旧城风貌的协调。     

陈天华、宋教仁留日史事新探

关于陈天华和宋教仁,学术界已经做了大量的研究,但还是有很多问题不清楚,他们在日本的学习活动就是其中之一。已有的研究,大都语焉不详。比如,他们到底进了哪些学校？学了些什么课程？成绩如何？了解这些情况,对于理解他们的思想行为乃至当时整个留日学生界的思想行为,都有重要的意义。     

Signed,Sealed but Never Delivered: Why Israel did not Receive Nixon's Promised Nuclear Power Plants

ABSTRACT

In the early 1970s, Israel was on the cusp of launching an ambitious nuclear power programme. It had technical nuclear experience and a pressing need to limit its dependency on imported oil and coal, and interest in nuclear powered water desalination. This nuclear vision enjoyed the support of the Nixon administration, which proposed in June 1974 to export reactors to both Israel and Egypt. But by the end of the decade, under the Carter administration, the plan was all but gone. What was the original US and Israeli rationale behind the reactor deal? How did this initiative relate to other developments such as the Indian nuclear explosion, the Arab oil embargo and the peace talks with Egypt? How important was the Carter administration's policy shift in determining the outcome of the initiative? This paper will address these questions by analysing newly declassified documents from several US and Israeli archives.¹1. Archival research for this study was conducted at the Lindon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas, (LBJL), Richard M. Nixon Library, Yorba Linda, California (RNL), Gerald Ford Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan (GFL), Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, Georgia, (JCL), National Archives and Records Administration, Maryland, (NARA), The British National Archives, Kew, UK, (TNA), The Israeli National Archive, Jerusalem, Israel (INA), the David Tuviyahu Archive, Be'er-Sheva, Israel (DTA), The Kibbutz Movement Yad-Tabenkin Archives, Ramat-Ef'al, Israel, The Knesset archive, Jerusalem, and several other archives.     

"两案"的审理及其历史经验

依照宪法、刑法和刑事诉讼法,1980年司法机关对林彪、江青两个反革命集团进行了公开审判.由于涉案的十名主犯中有九人是我党的高级干部,且他们的犯罪活动是在"文化大革命"这个特定的历史时期,因此中共中央决定成立以彭真为主任的两案审判指导委员会,五届人大常委会第十六次会议决定成立最高人民检察院特别检察厅和最高人民法院特别法庭进行审理.审理工作本着"以事实为根据,以法律为准绳"的原则,严格依法办事,"两案"的审理显示了法律的尊严,推进了民主与法制的进程,是建国以来法制建设中一个引人注目的里程碑.     

"林献堂蒋渭水——台湾历史人物及其时代"学术研讨会综述

2008年9月1-2日,由中国社会科学院台湾史研究中心、河南大学、北京联合大学台湾研究院、台海出版社主办,全国台湾同胞联谊会联络部协办的"林献堂蒋渭水--台湾历史人物及其时代"学术研讨会在河南省开封市召开,来自海内外的100多名专家学者出席了会议,其中台湾学者超过20人.     

英美文官制度的模式差异及其历史影响

英美两国属于同源化,它们有着相近的社会与经济制度。但是,由于两国地理环境与历史传统的不同,二之间在许多层面上仍然存在着很大的差异。这种差异不仅导致英美两国采取不同的政治体制形式,而且也导致它们实行相异的官管理制度。笔认为,英美官制度的差异不仅体现在官的录用倾向与分类管理形式上,而且也体现在官的政治地位与政治作用上。因此,研究英美官制度的差异及其历史影响,将有助于我们了解两国的官制度本身,以及两国的历史与化传统,特别是政治体制及其对官制度的影响。     

The Role of Pattern‐Welding in Historical Swords—Mechanical Testing of Materials Used in Their Manufacture

Pattern‐welding is a well‐known technique that was widely employed in the manufacture of swords. While the decorative effect of genuine pattern‐welding (employing phosphoric iron) is indisputable, to date its reinforcing effect is rather unclear. In order to understand this issue better, wrought iron, phosphoric iron, steel and various pattern‐welded samples were prepared and mechanically tested, and the results obtained are discussed in detail. Both the mechanical testing and the long‐term metallographic investigation of medieval swords suggest that pattern‐welding does not have any significant positive effect on the mechanical properties of swords and we should consider it a primarily decorative technique.