Government-Sponsored Iranian Medical Students Abroad (1811–1935)

The first Iranian to study medicine abroad was sent to Britain by the Iranian government in 1811, during the early decades of the Qajar period (1796–1925). The second student was sent to France in 1815, along with four other students. Another group of five students, including the third student of medicine, was sent to France in 1845. Forty-two others, including five medical students, were dispatched to France in 1858. Most members of the latter group were among the first graduates of Tehran Dar al-Fonun (House of Techniques) School. Then, in 1928, during Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign (1925–41), a special act was passed by the Iranian parliament (Majlis) according to which the Ministry of Education would send 100 students abroad annually for higher education at the government's expense. The practice was suspended in 1935 with the advent of the Second World War. Between 1928 and 1935, a total of 640 students, including 125 medical students, were sent abroad. The majority of the medical students (84 percent) were sent to France. Most of these medical graduates returned to Iran and in subsequent years played a significant role in further propagation of modern medical knowledge in the country. The paper presents a brief historical account of the conditions of public health and medical education between 1811 and 1935 as well as biographical sketches of some of the best-known or most influential medical figures among these graduates.     

Party organisational change in Italy (1991–2006)

This article analyses, adopting the well-known approach of Katz and Mair, the issue of organizational change within Italian political parties since 1990. In addition to an account of trends in membership, local units, finances, staff, and of changes in party statutes, the article aims at testing the widespread view in the literature that organizational resources–hence power–are becoming more and more concentrated in the hands of party and/or parliamentary leaders, and correspondingly that the territorial presence of parties is declining. The analysis of the change over time of Katz and Mair's party organisational ‘faces’ leads to the confirmation, to a large extent, of the overall hypothesis of a decline of the party at ground level, and a concentration of party resources in the central office, and above all in the party in public office.     

香港商业调查报告(1934～1935年)

1.刘祖英关于香港商业之调查报告(1934年1月5日)呈为呈报事.窃奉钧部令派香港调查商业,随时呈报.等因,遵即前赴该埠,向各方探访调查,兹谨将所得呈报如次.惟有在此处应注明者,则是此次调查纯系私人性质,以友谊关系访问咨询,故只能就个人交游之范围尽耳之所及,据零碎之消息,凭个人之观察,删繁就简,提要钩玄为概括之陈述.至若详细之数字,精密之统计,自非取汲于海关进出口贸易簿册与商会年报一类物事不为功.但此项材料,仅以私人资格未易获得,几经设法,苦难得手.然而从下文之概略,亦可以得香港最近经济景况之鸟瞰也.     

何应钦与华北交涉(1933─1935)

何应钦与华北交涉（１９３３─１９３５）杨晨长城抗战受挫,国民政府被迫与日直接交涉。北平军分会代理委员长何应钦秉承蒋介石、汪精卫的意旨,妥协求和,结果产生了《塘沽协定》、＂何梅协定＂和冀察政务委员会。对此,人们多持否定态度,本文拟对华北交涉的背景、经过...     

《胡绳文集(1935—1948)》自序

本书书名表明,收入书中的文章都是作者在1949年以前写的。1949年对于中国的命运,是划时代的转折点;对于生活和工作在那个时期的每个人来说,都不能不具有分水岭的意义。