中原猪市

中国自古就有"粮猪安天下"之说,猪是农家的 "六畜"之首.     

Pig exploitation in the southern Kanto region,Japan

This study investigates changes in past human and animal relationships by focusing on pig (Sus scrofa) remains excavated from archaeological sites in southern Kanto, Japan. Pigs and humans have had a close relationship since prehistoric times and the process of change in this relationship, including possible domestication, is one of the major issues in Japanese zooarchaeology. This study attempts to gain a better understanding of the nature of past interaction between humans and pigs by investigating their relative importance compared with other vertebrate remains, kill‐off patterns, and changes in their size and shape at these sites. The materials used for this study date from the Earliest to Final Jomon (ca. 10,000–2500 BP), Yayoi (ca. 2500–1700 BP) and Kofun (ca. 1700–1300 BP) periods. The relative proportions of pigs were calculated to show the overall trend of pig exploitation in each site. Age at death was obtained based on the state of tooth eruption. Bucco‐lingual crown measurements were taken on the third and fourth premolars and on each cusp of the first and second molars of the mandible, and the logarithmic ratio technique was then applied to these data. The age structure of Sus varies between different sites in the Jomon Period, and significant changes were observed in the Yayoi and Kofun Periods. A decrease in the relative proportion of pigs in the faunal assemblages was observed from Jomon to Kofun. Three major differences were observed in the size of pigs. The overall size of pigs significantly increased from Early to Middle Jomon, whilst a decrease in size occurred in the Yayoi Period. Finally, overall size increased significantly during the Kofun Period. Together with the archaeological evidence—such as the ritual burial of pigs accompanying human burial—we suggest that the interaction between pigs and humans became gradually stronger at some sites during the Late Jomon Period, and the relationship intensified in the Yayoi Period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tombs Of Pig Tails in Wenchuan

Editor‘s Note: The year 2002 marks the 100th anniversary of the Tibetan battle against British invaders in Gyangze. Celebrations remind the writers of people sent to fight British invaders during the Opium War of 1840-1842,who would never return to where they were born and brought.     

猪在史前文化中的象征意义

猪在中国新石器时代文化中占有重要的地位 ,因为它曾经是地母的动物化身和象征物 ,当时的人们用猪作随葬品 ,实际上是借助猪或地母的繁殖力与生命力使死者复活的一种巫术手段。尽管后来的父权制文化对它作了变形和改写 ,但它在史前先民心目中所具有的精神象征意义不容忽视。     

唐至元代墓葬中出土的铁牛铁猪

铁牛、铁猪出现在两京地区的晚唐墓葬中,在墓葬中的位置一般是墓室的“丑亥”二位。而宋元墓葬中出土的形制、数量、位置以及出现区域发生了一些变化。在此基础上,本文结合文献论述了铁牛、铁猪的“压胜”性质和镇墓、驱邪作用。     

从龙虬庄遗址个案看史前家猪饲养与农业发展的相关性

一般而言,农业的发展会促进家猪饲养业的相应发展,但龙虬庄遗址个案研究则展示了另一种相关性。该遗址周围相对丰富的野生动物资源在弱化人们对家猪饲养的依赖方面扮演了重要角色,这从更深的层次上印证了家畜饲养的被动发展的本质。龙虬庄遗址个案还显示了较强的区域代表意义。     

Pig diet in medieval York: carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes

This study investigates bone stable isotopes from pigs from medieval York, to characterise the pigs' diet and to explore their contribution to isotopic values from contemporary human bones. Pig bones from the Swinegate (N?=?9) and Coppergate (N?=?14) sites were used for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to test the hypothesis that the majority of pigs in medieval York were yard-kept and fed on scraps and fish waste, elevating their nitrogen ratios. The results show that the Swinegate and Coppergate pigs gave nitrogen isotope values similar to contemporary sheep and therefore that animal protein made little or no dietary contribution. One sample showed C and N results consistent with more animal protein in the diet, and we propose that this could have been a yard-kept pig consuming human refuse. The majority of the data indicate that the pigs were eating a largely herbivorous diet and that pigs in medieval York may have been raised in rural or woodland locations rather than in the city.     

Early Pig Management in the Zagros Flanks: Reanalysis of the Fauna from Neolithic Jarmo,Northern Iraq

In this paper, we present a reanalysis of pig (Sus scrofa) remains from the Neolithic site of Qalat Jarmo, originally excavated in the 1940s and 1950s. Employing modern zooarchaeological techniques, not available during the initial analyses, we explore the nature of swine exploitation strategies and demonstrate that pigs were most likely managed by the early 7th millennium (Pottery Neolithic) and perhaps earlier. Comparing biometric data with those from other sites in the region, we show that the Jarmo pigs exhibit evidence for size decrease associated with intensive management, but had not yet achieved the degree of dental or post‐cranial size reduction seen in later Neolithic domestic populations. Although samples from the earliest (Pre‐Pottery) occupation of the site are small, there is some evidence to suggest that domestic pigs were present at Jarmo as early as the late 8th millennium cal. bc . In either case, Jarmo likely represents the earliest appearance of pig husbandry along the Zagros flanks, and we discuss the mechanisms by which Neolithic technologies, including domesticated animals, spread to new regions. This project emphasises the value of curated faunal assemblages in shedding new light on the spread of Neolithic economies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence for Differential Ancient DNA Survival in Human and Pig Bones from the Norse North Atlantic

Current models of DNA degradation and previous research on Icelandic human skeletons predict ancient DNA preservation in the Norse North Atlantic faunal remains to be excellent. In contrast, we found that DNA preservation in Viking‐Age pig remains was poor. We posit that this discrepancy in DNA survival between human and faunal remains is due to differing taphonomies. Our results highlight that DNA degradation is strongly dictated by micro‐environmental taphonomic processes even in regions where the climate is conducive to DNA survival. Due to these differences, DNA preservation in animal remains may not be suitable proxies for DNA preservation in associated human remains. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Pilot Study in Odontochronology for the Pig Domestication Question in North‐Central China

In this paper, we report results of the pilot study in which we apply skeletochronological analysis of teeth to a collection of modern Chinese wild boar (Sus scrofa) of known age and date of death. This is the first time that odontochronology has been applied to suids in China. This work allowed us to establish parameters for subsequent analysis of a limited number of Neolithic‐aged Sus (wild boar and possible early domesticated pig) samples from Henan Province. The goal of the research is to contribute to the ongoing reconstruction of Neolithic dietary, health and economic patterns along the Yellow River. Our results are encouraging in that regular seasonal growth patterning is observed in the northern control sample, which is from the same region as our archaeological investigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试论史前时期长江流域随葬猪下颌骨习俗

长江下游西部北阴阳营文化、薛家岗文化随葬猪下颌骨的习俗比较广泛,汉水流域甚至发展为主要以猪下颌骨随葬的葬仪。随葬猪下颌骨所彰显的财富与地位特征逐渐变强后再渐弱。距今7000年左右,即在随葬猪下颌骨的最初阶段,只体现出一定的财富属性。距今6000—4500年,随葬猪下颌骨隐含的财富与地位特征最强。之后,这种习俗渐趋消失,与财富、地位的关联性也微乎其微。随葬猪下颌骨的习俗可能是与黄河流域社会上层交流的要素之一。     

Early Evidence for Pig and Dog Husbandry from the Neolithic Site of An Son,Southern Vietnam

An Son in southern Vietnam is one of a series of Neolithic (food producing) settlement/cemetery sites in Southeast Asia that appear, archaeologically, shortly before and after 2000 cal. bc . Excavations in 2009 produced a small but important assemblage of vertebrate remains that permit relative comparisons with other zooarchaeological assemblages of similar date in Thailand and northern Vietnam. At An Son, domestic dogs are present from the earliest known phases of occupation with butchery evidence and a high proportion of canid remains, suggesting they were possibly used as a food resource. Suid bones were recovered from the earliest phases of the site excavated, and pig husbandry can be identified from at least 1800 to 1600 cal. bc . There is also evidence for the use of a range of other resources including fishing, hunting and the capturing of turtles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pig domestication and husbandry practices in the middle Neolithic of the Wei River Valley,northwest China: evidence from linear enamel hypoplasia

Linear enamel hypoplasia is a physical deficiency occurring during the process of enamel formation and it is visible on the crowns of mammal teeth. It can be used to trace physical stresses during life. In this study, linear enamel hypoplasia in samples of pigs from three Neolithic sites in the Wei River valley (China) were recorded and analysed, to investigate the status of pigs at these sites, their living conditions, and furthermore to explore husbandry strategies for pigs during the Neolithic in the valley. The results suggest a domesticated status for pigs in the Neolithic and early Bronze Age. Also the frequency of LEH occurrence for the pigs corroborates a presumed intensification processes of pig husbandry, and the presence of environmental fluctuations during the period are considered. Some evidence also points to the fact that for pig, spring farrowing was the most common reproductive strategy in the Neolithic and early Bronze Age in this region.     

Repetition in the work of a Samoan Christian theologian: Or,what does it mean to speak of the Perfect Pig of God?

ABSTRACT

The Samoan Christian theologian Ama'amalele Tofaeono draws on diverse intellectual sources to articulate an ecological theology both distinctively Samoan and self-consciously Oceanic. I examine Tofaeono’s writings through the lens of recent work in linguistic anthropology on repetition and replication. By paying close attention to the ways texts and their original contexts, authorship, and intentions can be brought forward into new contexts, such anthropological work offers a useful perspective on Tofaeono’s theological arguments about creation and salvation. Tofaeono frames creation and salvation as actions that are necessarily ongoing—matters of repetition rather than rupture, a kind of continuity that depends not on fundamental durability but on repeated reengagement. An appreciation of Tofaeono’s articulation of time and repetition can in turn illuminate the anthropological study of social transformation and help develop productive interdisciplinary dialogue between anthropology and theology.     

西汉神人禽兽纹镜上的猪象之辨

2012年仲秋之际,中国铜镜研究会会员青峰泉、三镜堂与深圳博物馆联合主办了铜镜精品展,并出了铜镜集《镜涵春秋》一书①。洋洋大观,精品纷呈。其中引人入胜、回味无穷的镜子琳琅满目,赏阅后感触颇丰。现先择出一面058号神人禽鸟纹镜（图1）,谈些个人之见,与诸镜友共赏析（以下简称58号镜）。该镜15.8厘米,头版品相佳,用娴熟老道的西汉线描工艺,刻绘出龙、凤、牛、羊、猪、鸡大小几十个动物,神态各异且个个栩栩如生。文字说明对其中一组纹饰作了重点介绍,照录如下：＂其间有一纹饰场景特别有趣：猪在中间,硕大滚肥,一人在后,一手执猪0     

殷墟孝民屯遗址出土家猪的死亡年龄与相关问题研究

家猪是殷墟孝民屯遗址居民消费的主要肉食消费对象,本文对该地点出土家猪的死亡年龄结构、宰杀模式、畜产品开发与晚商城市的肉食供应等问题进行动物考古学的研究,认为当时人养猪的主要目的是为了获取肉产品,殷墟文化一、二期时孝民屯居民可能主要靠自己养猪获得猪肉,而殷墟文化二、四期时该地点居民日常食用的猪肉则很可能主要依赖外来供应。     

Combining Odontochronology,Tooth Wear Assessment,and Linear Enamel Hypoplasia (LEH) Recording to Assess Pig Domestication in Neolithic Henan,China

Mandibles of Sus scrofa (wild boar/pig) from ritual pits H160 and H208 of Longshangang, a Late Yangshao Neolithic site in Xichuan County, Henan, were analyzed for evidence of domestication. Three methods of dental analysis were applied: odontochronology, tooth wear assessment, and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) recording, which provide age at death, season of kill, and season of birth data. We investigate whether: (i) the LEH height frequencies on the second molars of the mandibles correspond with the possibility of double farrowing and (2) double farrowing is supported by the season of and age at slaughter data. If so, these data suggest a substantial degree of human management of suids at the site. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.