"游必有方"——论孔子的旅游休闲观

孔子是中国古代伟大的思想家和社会实践家,他在许多思想领域、理论领域都有自己独到的见解,并建立起了以“仁”为核心,以“礼”为依归的政治、社会、伦理思想体系;其中他的旅游休闲与积极入世、“父母在,不远游”、“知者乐水,仁者乐山”以及“游必有方”、“游于艺”等观念,在生活实践和哲学理念两个领域形成了一个完整的关于旅游休闲观的理论谱系,成为我国古代最早、最系统、也是最成熟的旅游休闲理论。孔子的观念和思想对我们今天的旅游休闲实践和旅游休闲理论研究仍具有借鉴意义。     

浅释“战国四凤纹镜”的设计、图像与铸造工艺

本文论述的＂战国四凤纹镜＂全面代表了楚文化的精神内涵和审美取向,同时从三个方面反映了战国铜镜的设计、制作水平,再现了当时楚人特有的工艺美术和先进的铸造技术。并且指出对主体凤鸟纹饰的铜镜命名应该更加准确。     

Some Thoughts on the Origin,Development and Retreat of Slopes

A senior Moscow University geomorphologist suggests that the limited Russian literature on slope development interprets “slope processes” too narrowly, restricting the term largely to mass wasting. Moreover, the convex-concave slope profile is viewed as the mature type under all climatic conditions. Such an approach tends to ignore the common phenomenon of slope retreat, which is presented as a more significant factor in slope development than the processes taking place on the slope itself. Several examples of slope retreat over long distances are given, suggesting that the profiles of retreating slopes depart from the convex-concave model. The author also takes issue with the view that stepped slope profiles tend to be smoothed by mass wasting. In his view, stepped profiles may in fact be further accentuated in slope development, for example, on valley sides made up of alternating soft and hard rock layers and in the case of so-called antiplanation terraces in high-latitude mountains. The author also takes issue with the view that “cattle tracks” are primary slope forms. He suggests they are secondary formations superimposed on ridges and other microrelief forms produced by mass wasting on the slope.     

If It Were Not for the Dean, I Would Have Done More: Reflections on the Contributions of Martin Wobst

This brief paper offers several observations on the contributions of Martin Wobst to the practice of anthropological archaeology as framed by personal perspective and with reference to some of the other articles in this issue.     

'It's a Man's Life!': Soldiers,masculinity and the countryside

This article explores the relationships between soldiers, masculinity and the countryside. It draws on a variety of published materials ranging from army recruitment literature to military autobiography. It is located primarily in conceptual frameworks suggested by feminist and rural studies literatures. Following a brief discussion of the historical contribution of the military to ideas of rurality, the relationships between soldiers, masculinity and the countryside are explored. First, the ways in which the army constructs a particular view of the countryside are discussed. This view accords the army rights of control over space, dictates a particular way of seeing rural space, and develops a quasi-environmentalist interpretation of the impact of army activity on the landscape. Second, it is suggested that this conceptualisation of the countryside contributes specifically to the construction of particular (hegemonic) notions of masculinity. The ideas of adventure and danger are particularly important in this respect. Third, the role of the body of the soldier in this process is examined. The construction of a specific gendered identity through a process of transformation from civilian to soldier is discussed. The article concludes by suggesting how the body of the soldier is used to signify particular senses of place.     

"Yea, I have a goodly heritage": health versus heredity in the Fitter Family contests, 1920-1928

By the 1920s, the future of the middle-class family had become a topic of great concern for mainstream Americans. This widespread concern led to a new acceptance of the discussion of sexual and marital issues in print and in public. Within this public discussion, eugenicists, physicians, clerics, sociologists, and various others offered solutions to the questions and concerns of their rapidly changing society. The Fitter Family contests, sponsored by eugenicists and held at state fairs in the 1920s, reflected these public and professional anxieties. Though infused with eugenic ideas about race betterment through better breeding, the contests were equally concerned with improving the health of individuals and strengthening American families.     

中西遗产保护比较的几点思考:一个跨文化的视角

近年来,西方国家世界遗产保护体系的实践经验对中国遗产保护产生了深远的影响。从跨文化的视角看,中国遗产保护在借鉴西方的遗产保护体制时,需要注意保护体制和管理对象的差别,也要注意东西文化的差异导致的对遗产保护中"原真性"的不同理解。因此,中国遗产保护既要重视传统历史文化和物质遗产中的精神元素,也要考虑在保护、传承和利用文化遗产的基础上充分发挥其社会功能,更要从中西方的文化差异出发,在遵守国际保护理论精神的基础上,探索出符合中国国情和文化特征的保护理论和方法。     

道器之间:近代以来"科学"观念嬗变与博物馆智识拓展

"科学"作为近代以来中国思想与社会变迁的关键观念,不仅具有知识本位的特征,也具有社会属性.科学观念的更迭与中国近现代社会结构和思想意识的转型发展相伴始终.科学观念的演进特点也折射到同时期博物馆智识范式的形成过程中,博物馆内的"科学"并非一种扁平化的知识体系,而是存在着多线发展的智识传统,科学形态对博物馆的影响也无法绝缘于社会文化政治情境之外.中国博物馆智识的发展在一定程度上体现为科学观念在知识与社会两个维度上的相互影响.     

Working on Rock Art in the Dakhleh Oasis: Some Thoughts on Threats to Petroglyphs and Possibilities of Research in the Western Desert,Egypt

The rock art in Dakhleh, despite being known for more than a century, has been thoroughly investigated only since the late 1980s, and remains far from being well known especially outside of Egypt. At the same time, the consecutive seasons of fieldwork conducted by the Petroglylph Unit (part of the international Dakhleh Oasis Project) have produced a great number of findings and substantially enhanced our knowledge of the petroglyphs of this area. Here, rather than focusing on interpretive aspects of the research, I wish to discuss the threats endangering the petroglyphs in the Oasis. Dakhleh has developed very intensively in the last 100 years. It is, however, the twenty-first century which seems to pose some serious threats to archaeological heritage. Hence, in this paper I wish to report on what has been done so far to document rock art in the Oasis, and try to establish the priorities for potential future work. The agricultural and infrastructural development in the area, and the uncertain political climate in the country, heavily influence the state of rock art preservation and the possibilities of research. The need for documentation and preservation of rock art is larger than ever before, because many changes in the local landscape cannot be stopped. The time is pressing, because more and more rock art is disappearing due to the reasons discussed in this paper. Threats to Egyptian rock art in general will form a background for considerations concerning petroglyphs from the Western Desert.     

The new minority rights regime in Poland: the experience of the German,Belarussian and Jewish minorities since 1989

In the post–communist period national minorities have returned to the international agenda. For Poland, as for other applicants to the European Union, the treatment of national minorities is proving to be a litmus test for accession. In this article I argue that national minorities have benefited from the new minority rights regime, but I show that each minority’s ability to voice its concerns and develop its community is predicated upon the accumulation of political and financial capital. Drawing upon the experience of the German, Belarussian and Jewish minorities in post–communist Poland, I argue that political capital has been accrued through the ballot box and through scalar strategies of empowerment. Those minorities that have been unable to raise their stock of capital (namely the Belarussians) have seen themselves marginalised socially, culturally and economically despite the guarantees of the new minority rights regime to promote and protect them.