清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究

本文通过对清宫萨满祭祀仪式与满族天宫大战神话的关联分析,论述了满洲中心观的神话学依据,并进一步考察乾隆年间清王朝自身对清宫萨满祭祀与中国上古以来的仪式体系之关系的解释,以说明使得满洲中心观得以成立的宫廷化进程,同时也将自身纳入到了华夏文明的历史与结构当中。     

秦代山川祭祀格局研究

山川祭祀在中国古代国家祭祀体系中地位显要,秦代首创了统一王朝山川祭祀的大格局,将名山大川整合为一个体系,其中又有"崤以东"与"华以西"的区分。西汉中前期对秦的格局既有延续也有调整。本文逐一梳理了秦至西汉初年"名山大川"的地望,考证其祠庙具体位置及设立时间。同时,本文考察了秦至西汉中期的国家山川祭祀格局,并分析了这一格局形成的原因及其意义。秦汉的山川祭祀不仅是国家祭祀中的重要组成部分,也是政治地理格局的一种反映,承担着宣告王朝正统性及皇帝控制力的意义。     

Mycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusis

Burnt animal sacrifice is well attested in Greek historical times, but whether it was practised in the Mycenaean period is debated. Until now, the lack of architectural structures suitable for the ritual burning of animals and the ambiguity surrounding the interpretation of burnt faunal assemblages have been used as arguments against the occurrence of such sacrifices in the Late Bronze Age. In this paper, it is proposed that the platform in front of the Mycenaean Megaron B at Eleusis was an altar used for burnt animal sacrifices and that a group of burnt pig bones found in a drain in front of this platform was burnt ritually on the platform and then swept into the drain.     

History as Sacrifice: The Polynesian Iconoclasm

ABSTRACT The Polynesian iconoclasm comprised a series of destructive episodes in which god‐images were rendered powerless and temples and associated structures were successively burned or torn down in Eastern Polynesia. Beginning in Tahiti and neighbouring Mo'orea in 1815, it spread rapidly to other Society Islands, the Austral Islands and the Southern Cook Islands. In this article I suggest that the willingness of Polynesian leaders to follow Tahitian precedence in destroying or unwrapping their god images can be partially explained by the fact that they saw themselves as participants in a large‐scale sacrifice, the common objective of which was the acquisition of greater mana and the consequent revitalisation of their societies. In making this argument I engage with anthropological theories that address relationships between sacrifice and historical transformation. I conclude by proposing that the Polynesian iconoclasm was a form of rituopraxis comprising regionally specific improvisations upon a general ritual schema.     

从龙南遗址看良渚文化的住居和祭祀

不同的祭祀方式已显现出良渚文化时期社会上下层群体的重大差异。     

试论先秦农业祭祀

农业祭祀作为自然崇拜的高级形态,兴起于原始农耕成为人们衣食主要来源之后.中国以农立国,古人对天体天象、大地山川甚或自然百物的崇拜也往往围绕农业祭祀来进行.在农业祭祀中,祭祀社稷是其一大项目.祭祀社稷用血祭,即当场“披砾牲以祭”,至春秋时,除用牲畜,也用人祭.社稷之神在原始宗教最初指土地和谷物之魂,后来在阶级社会中逐渐升华为人格化的神,并与传说中的氏族英雄祖先合为一体.私有制的发展,社稷成为国家政权的象征和同义词,于是以土地神、地主神代替社神的土地崇拜,先农代替谷神的崇拜.     

A Rebuttal to Comments on ‘Sacrifice of the Social Outsider’

A recent publication by the author documented two probable cases of Klippel–Feil Syndrome at the site of Midnight Terror Cave in the Cayo District of Belize. Radiographic images recently taken of the multiple congenital fused vertebrae from these two individuals raised discussion regarding the initial assessment of Klippel–Feil Syndrome. This commentary further discusses the topic by dealing with researcher assumptions of the syndrome and indicates radiographic data do not provide enough evidence to change the initial assessment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Correction and Comment on ‘Sacrifice of the Social Outcasts’

C. L. Kieffer incorrectly identified a fused pair of cervical vertebrae in an article published online in May of 2015. This is a correction of the misidentification and a comment on the implications for the author's larger point that the individuals involved may have been physically handicapped and therefore selected by the ancient Maya as victims of human sacrifice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

奉献给先祖的牺牲--加去苗人牯脏节

在有文字记载之前,习俗就承担起传承文化的重任,引领人们一起寻找文化的曙光.     

周代裸礼的新证据 --介绍震旦艺术博物馆新藏的两件战国玉瓒

裸是周代祭祀中的重要仪节,而圭瓒和璋瓒则是行祼祭时所必备的礼器.本文首先分析了周代的裸祭之裸和祼飨之裸,认为以鬯祼地和以醴祼宾分别是裸祭和裸飨中的正献.本文又以震旦艺术博物馆新藏的两件战国玉瓒为契机,探讨了商周时期瓒类器物的形制和功能,着重指出文献所载的圭瓒和璋瓒可能是就其柄部形制而非柄部质料而言的.     

宁安市满族关姓家族萨满祭祀调查

本文对黑龙江省宁安市满族关姓家庭萨满祭祀活动的全过程作了真实的记录。通过实地调查、现场采访,了解到萨满祭祀活动的程序、规则和诸多禁忌以及满族家祭活动得以延续、发展的主要原因。同时阐述了满族萨满祭祀对祖先的英雄崇拜,并揭示这一活动对族人产生凝聚力的巨大作用。     

略论商周时期射牲礼

由花东甲骨文和作册般鼋铭文的记载可知,射牲礼起源不晚于商代中晚期,最初其举行的地点通常在自然形成的河流沼泽等水边,射牲结束后多伴随有祭祀活动。之后射牲礼逐渐发展完善,由麦尊和伯唐父鼎等青铜器铭文记载可以推定,至晚到西周早期,天子在辟雍乘舟射牲的仪式已明显区别于习射及以"择士"为目的的大射,其不仅与祭祀相关,且已具有象征天子亲自射猎以"示亲杀"的特点。     

叶赫满族祭祖礼钩沉

满族祭祖之礼非常隆重,各家族之间的祭祖礼在具体程序和方式上多有不同,此次发现的叶赫那氏满族《本家族祭礼祖上之礼节》,具体展示了这个家族祭祖的特点。它的发现为我们提供了一份了解和研究满族民俗的有价值的资料。     

Kabit,Rimbu and Opa: Modalities of Anganen Sacrifice1

ABSTRACT At the time of colonisation and missionisation that quickly saw their abandonment, the Anganen practised two male exclusive cults in which animals were sacrificed in the hope of influencing powerful spirits. One cult, kabit, was only staged to overcome serious affliction thought to be sent by the spirits to individuals of subclans or women married into them. That is, it was a reaction to spirit power. The other cult, rimbu, while practised in response to widespread problems of humans, pigs and gardens, was also undertaken in the hope of increased health and productivity, and thus a possible action as well as a reaction. The paper describes and compares the cults. One major theme is male empowerment, as rimbu not only underwrites male power over others, it is also about empowerment to act on the world as well. While obviously radically different in many respects, at least in local consciousness, the adoption of opa, the giving of money, produce and labour to the church, has resonance with the pre‐colonial situation. Mostly it is undertaken to please what the Anganen see as a vengeful God based on Old Testament stories. However, on occasions such as the lead up to the yasolu pork distribution, the most prestigious event in Anganen, big men may ostentatiously present large gifts of money to missionaries or men may purchase cattle to slaughter, cook and distribute their meat on the opening of new churches. Both instances are beyond emulation by most in the community and, like rimbu may be, venues for male empowerment.