历史和历史哲学

历史哲学是对人类理智事业中一个独特领域 (人类历史而不是自然史 )的哲学研究。由于历史具有“历史”和“历史学”两种含义 ,故而有思辨的与分析的两类历史哲学。2 0世纪 ,思辨的或实质的形而上学的历史哲学式微 ,批判的或分析的历史哲学蔚为大观。与这种二元划分不同 ,历史哲学还分为“可臻完善论”(perfectibilism)和“千禧年论”(millenari anism)的历史哲学。二者都相信进步的观念 ,都属于思辨的历史哲学。本文探讨了杜尔阁、孔多塞的历史哲学。     

Philosophy and Esotericism

Abstract

Arthur Melzer's Philosophy Between the Lines establishes the historical reality of esotericism, or at least the reputation for it, throughout Western and Islamic philosophy until late modernity. But Melzer wants to do much more than that: to establish that there is a whole new world of philosophy to uncover and explore, thus to promote the recovery of “a long lost art of philosophical literacy.” I argue that he fails in this task. Most of the evidence he has for esotericism concerns religious beliefs, and it does not show that a significant portion of the work of important philosophers is to be read esoterically. I offer a detailed analysis of his account of Aristotle's alleged esotericism to give some indication of the weakness of his evidence. I also argue against the Straussian assumption (regarding the dualism of human nature between theory and practice) that stands behind so much of his account of esotericism. I end with a discussion of pedagogical esotericism, contrasting Melzer's Straussian account with my Nietzschean account of what esotericism can contribute to philosophical education.     

Philosophy and International Relations

In recent years, International Relations theorists have turned to philosophy in search of new ontological and epistemological foundations or to clarify their existing commitments. Scientific Realism and International Relations, edited by Jonathan Joseph and Colin Wight, is a good example of the former: editors and contributors make the case for Scientific Realism—a leading philosophy of science—in International Relations. Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, author of The conduct of inquiry in International Relations, is motivated by the latter concern, and devises a typology based on two key fissures among social scientists: the relationships between the knower and the known, and between knowledge and observation. The Joseph and Wight volume, while containing some thoughtful essays, does not convince the reviewer that assumptions that might apply in the physical world are relevant to its social counterpart. The Jackson book is an intellectual tour de force and a compelling plea for pluralism.     

认识论哲学观及其超越

认识论哲学观是西方传统哲学的主流哲学观。认识论哲学观主张,哲学是人类以理性对全部世界的总体图景、基本性质、内在本质和运动规律进行认识,获取系统化的理性知识并做出科学说明的活动,是系统性的理性知识和真理的体系。本文在论述认识论哲学观的基础上,指出认识论哲学观隐藏着深沉的生存论关切,现代生存论哲学观是对传统认识论哲学观的超越。     

历史哲学谈薮

中国在：20世纪30年代,有过农业哲学、人生哲学、法律哲学、民族哲学、行动哲学等,其中较多的是历史哲学。这个复合词是怎么在中国发展的?我们研究史学的时候,何以有必要注意历史的哲学问题?学习这个历史哲学有什么基本的内容?中国人如何运用历史哲学?等等。本文企图将自己的体验作点介绍,并就正于方家门前。     

稻盛哲学的文化渊源

研究任何哲学思想都要考察其文化渊源。本文用实证的方法驳斥了稻盛和夫经营哲学深受中国传统文化影响的观点。中国文化对稻盛和夫的影响是有限的,而稻盛哲学是来源于多方面的,是这位大企业家对各国文化博采众长的产物。     

Philosophy,Eros, Judaism

Abstract

A careful reading of Caritas in Veritate shows it to be framed and permeated by two principles. The first is that human persons in their consciences and deeds are the principal agents of economic and political life, whether directly in interpersonal relations or mediated through their work in and for institutions. The second is that human persons as citizens are best prepared to promote “integral human development” and “the common good” when they are urged on by charity or love that is lived in truth. In these respects Caritas in Veritate is a clear continuation of the line of thought that Benedict developed in his earlier encyclicals Deus Caritas Est and Spe Salvi, and before that in his theological writings as Joseph Ratzinger. Benedict's work thus underscores the need modern societies and political communities have for charity, and thus for faith and for hope. We explicate this aspect of Benedict's political vision throughout this essay, anticipating and beginning to respond to some objections to the thesis that politics even in a secular age requires theological virtues to flourish.     

稻盛经营哲学的启示

为被称为零售业生命的连锁店而操劳昭和32年,我的父亲在滋贺县彦根市开了一个叫平和堂的鞋包店。随着销售商品种类的不断增加,昭和41年,这个鞋包店已经变成了出售衣物、食品以及日常生活用品的百货商店,商场面积也达到了千余平方米。昭和43年开始拓展连锁店业务,二号连锁店在草     

论伊本·卡尔敦的历史哲学

伊本·卡尔敦 (ＩｂｎＫｈａｌｄｕｎ ,1 332— 1 40 6年 )是中世纪阿拉伯世界最伟大的一位历史学家。他的不朽之作《历史学导论》被英国现代著名史学家汤因比誉为“在任何时间与空间内 ,由任何富于才智的人所曾写出的同类著作中最为伟大的一部。”① 汤氏此语并非言过其实。自 1 9世纪初 ,西方学者便开始翻译与研究卡氏的著作 ,并在该世纪末与 2 0世纪初形成了一股热潮。②直到二战之后 ,有关的研究著作仍在不断地出版。③ 卡尔敦何以引起西方学者如此广泛而持久的关注 ?笔者认为 ,这是由于卡氏在其著作中所创立的“新科学”或“文化科学”…     

Derrida and Post-Modern Political Philosophy

Western political philosophy may be more diverse than its supporters or critics have allowed in recent scholarship. This paper argues that political philosophy is the centre of Derrida's philosophical thought as a whole, and suggests that similarities between Isocrates and Derrida help us to better understand both the political thought of these thinkers and the historical diversity of Western political philosophy.     

孟子的实践哲学及其特征

孟子的实践哲学是一个完整而精致的体系。在确立人为实践主体的前提下,设定了以仁政王天下的宏伟实践目标,规划了以道德实践为核心的内容,通过"求放心"、"思"、养心、养气等主体的思维实践,张扬善端,实现仁政王天下的实践目的。孟子在他的实践哲学构建的过程中,凝练出高扬主体价值、主体与客体高度统一、人性与实践有机结合等鲜明的特征。     

论二程的历史哲学

理学奠基人程颢、程颐从“天理”的角度对历史重新进行了深邃的思考,他们将一种本位价值——道德价值置于一切人类价值之上,把一切历史活动都放到道义的审判台上加以考察,通过对中国历史的再解释以说明伦理价值的普遍性、绝对性和至上性。不论是对历史学基本性质的反思、对历史人物的评价还是对历史规律的探寻和历史动因的认知,其理论基点与归宿都是融摄伦理规范的宇宙本体——“天理”,展现出一种成熟的历史哲学理论所具有的完整性。     

Philosophy as an Art of Dying

This essay proposes a close look at the tradition of martyr-philosophers in the Western world (Socrates, Hypatia, Giordano Bruno, Edith Stein, Jan Pato?ka) and advances the claim that the death of these people has a distinct philosophical significance. For various reasons, these philosophers place themselves in limit-situations where they cannot use words anymore to express themselves, but have to turn their own flesh into a radical means of expression. Their dying thus becomes an extension of their work, and the image of their violent deaths comes to be regarded as an inseparable part of their heritage. First, I discuss Socrates as the founder of the tradition of “philosophical deaths” in the West; his gradual “taming” of death in Plato's Apology is discussed in some detail. I then introduce a modern case of “Socratic death,” that of Jan Pato?ka (1907–77). Finally, I map out the cultural and social mechanisms, as well as some of the phenomenological preconditions, presupposed by the notion of “philosophy as an art of dying.”