A Genetic Classification of Islands

A genetic classification of islands based on the character of the underlying type of crust is proposed. Each crustal type is associated with particular structural-geological island types. Thus, continental crust gives rise to continental islands, which divide further into shelf islands and fragments of continental platforms. Intermediate crust produces particular types of islands that are divided further into continental island arcs, oceanic island arcs and volcanic islands on the continental slope. Finally, the oceanic type of crust gives rise to oceanic volcanic islands. Islands associated with continental crust tend to be distinguished by large size, ancient basement and a complex consolidated structure. With increasing remoteness from the mainland, islands tend to become smaller, simpler in geological structure and younger in rock composition.     

Principles of a Landscape Classification

A classification of natural landscapes based on a combination of historical-genetic and structural criteria is offered. The classificatory categories of a higher order are based on genetic and spatial associations of landscapes; the lower taxonomic entities are based largely on internal landscape structure. The taxonomic entities range from division to subspecies. The earth's landscape sphere is first broken down into divisions of terrestrial and water landscapes. Divisions fall into systems based on zonal differences in the heat and water balance (subarctic, boreal, subboreal, etc.). Systems fall into classes (plains and mountain landscapes), and classes break down into groups of landscapes based on geochemical and moisture criteria (eluvial, hydromorphic, etc.). Groups fall into types on the basis of bioclimatic and soils criteria (wooded steppe, steppe, desert etc.). Types break down into genera on the basis of genetic landform types (alluvial plains, colian landforms, etc.). Finally, the genera fall into species and subspecies on the basis of dominant and subordinated morphologic units known in Russian as urochishche. Examples of steppe plains genera might be gently rolling sandy plains with feathergrass on dark chestnut soils, or level plateau with a mantle of loam and fascue grass on dark chestnut carbonate soils.     

Recognition and Classification of Urban Shapes

This paper is concerned with a methodology that is able to recognize and classify geometric shapes, in particular urban shapes. The main objective of this study is to develop a shape index that will address Whyte's category of “spatial form” (1968), that is, the external appearance or outward form, in contrast with the “internal form,” which is the structural form. We first review methodologies of shape recognition and classification. Next, we propose a viable formulation for such an endeavor by drawing from the aforementioned methodologies, and we aim to overcome some of their limitations by formulating a new index. We will apply the resulting shape index to an illustrative case in order to recognize urban shapes.     

Study and Classification of Agricultural Lands

The author discusses three classifications of agricultural lands based on (1) natural properties that affect productivity and serviceability, (2) on need for improvement and responsiveness to it, and (3) on actual use. All three classifications are considered essential for an agricultural evaluation of lands and for determining the relative effectiveness of use methods, actual or planned.     

Presidential Vetoes: Motivations and Classification

For all its importance, comparatively few, empirically-based studies have centered on the presidential veto, and virtually none have sought to classify vetoes by presidential motivation or policy area. This article updates and confirms the major findings of extant studies, and suggests one important caveat to the conclusions of older research: the categories of and reasons for presidential vetoes are remarkably similar from president to president, independent of party. Frequently, presidents have just as much in common with each other in doing battle with Congress than as Republicans or Democrats fighting for different ideological programs and considerations.     

The Classification of Models A Proposal

Abstract

It is here proposed to classify models into seven categories: the pure physical, the physical geometric, the interpretive geometric, the interpretive analogue, the computational analogue, the computational mathematical and the pure mathematical models. A certain overlap is diagrammatically demonstrated in a spectrum of models and examples of each category are presented and discussed. Certain assumptions have to be made and it is hoped that the classification will be of benefit to users of models.     

Occupational neurotoxicity and movement disorders: a historical perspective

It is shown that while metal toxicity has been known to be associated with risks to the health of miners and other workers for over a thousand years generally little was done before the 19th century to enquire into the relationship between lead, mercury, and manganese and neurological movement disorders. Reasons for this are suggested.     

加尔各答的华侨华人：移民模式与职业特性

从十九世纪的早期移民、二十世纪早期的中国难民、二战后到加尔各答的移民、职业特性等方面阐述了加尔各答华侨华人的移民模式、经济特性、努力奋斗成为当地居民的过程及其为当地经济发展所作的贡献。     

试论贵州地区“石棺葬”的分区与年代

汉晋以降,贵州出现一类以天然薄石板营建墓室、形制与川滇地区石棺葬相似的小型石墓,至宋明时尤为流行,迄今仍有孑遗。早在20世纪40年代,德人鲍克兰在贵州普定进行仡佬族调查时就注意到这类被当地人称为仡佬坟的     

Classification of the Climates of the USSR

The paper surveys the present state of the study of the moisture and heat factors of soil formation under the geographic, genetic and agronomic approaches of soil science. The author finds that despite the single physical nature of the phenomena to be studied they have been investigated separately within the framework of each of these approaches. He calls for an integrated study of the moisture and heat factors by the soil-science field as a whole and outlines specific steps.     

Hydrological Characteristics and Classification of Tasmanian Rivers

Annual flow records, monthly flow records, peak and low flow records were used to derive an objective hydrological regionalization for 77 Tasmanian rivers. Twelve hydrological indices were determined, and the 12 × 77 matrix was analysed using principal coordinates analysis and complete linkage cluster analysis. Four groups were determined for Tasmania, with the south-east region of the island exhibiting hydrological regimes similar to those of the drier areas of mainland Australia. The wettest areas, in the south and west, have regimes with no analogue elsewhere within mainland Australia. Significant least-squares relationships between the variables enables catchment area, mean annual runoff and coefficient of variation of annual flows to be used to extrapolate other hydrological indices.     

A Classification of Models in Economic Geography

Models used in economic geography are classified on the basis of a general scientific classification of models which distinguishes two broad categories: ideal and material models. Ideal models are further categorized as visual, symbolic, and mathematical models, and material models as natural, physical, and mathematical models. Examples of each type are suggested. Other possible typologies of models can be devised; for example, logical, graphic, and mathematical models, representing a logical progression of scientific research. Models can be divided into general and particular models, depending on whether they treat aggregates or individual aspects. The complete model of a regional territorial-production complex would be a system of general and particular models. In terms of content, models can be classified as structural, functional, or synthetic (structural-functional) models. Finally, there could be a typology distinguishing static and dynamic models, nonoptimized and optimized models, and varying categories of prediction (models of an existing situation, planning models, predictive models).     

柳田国男与日本民俗分类

日本民俗学较为发达,早期日本民俗学又称为柳田国男民俗学。有形文化、语言艺术和心意现象民俗三部分类法在世界民俗学界具有重要影响,也是柳田国男民俗学的主要特点之一。他认为心意现象民俗资料的调查、研究,才是民俗学这个学问的最终目的。无论哪个民族或国家的民俗学研究,其最终目的就是研究和阐释那个国家的民族和当地人的心意现象。有形文化和语言艺术两个部分是为了达到调查和研究心意现象的阶段和过程。柳田国男的三部民俗分类法,奠定了日本民俗学作为一门独立学科的基础。日本民俗分类的发展,体现了日本民俗研究对象的变化。     

志书篇目分类述论——兼论志书分类标准制订的需要与原则

本文从传统地方志分类的做法、首轮新方志篇目分类的历程与基本特征入手,对第二轮地方志书篇目的分类标准进行研究。地方志分类标准是地方志独有的,它不能从某个单一角度出发,而应从自然与社会的综合角度拟定,相关部门应尽快制订由国家标准部门同意实施的《地方志分类标准》。     

Modern Road Archaeology: Identification and Classification Proposal

Roads built throughout Europe from the eighteenth century onwards and adapted to motor vehicles serve as an important testimony of the history of engineering. However, very few attempts have been made to identify in a systematic manner the archaeological heritage associated with these infrastructures. This article aims to establish a series of chronological milestones marking the turning points in the design of these infrastructures and to define a typological classification of the elements forming part of road heritage. Finally, on applying the established conceptual framework to the Spanish case, a more specific definition of the main archaeological traces that may still be found today is provided.     

Some New Methods of Topologic Classification of Channel Networks

Some new methods for the topologic classification of channel networks are proposed. These methods are all based on the concept of topologic path length, or number of links from the network outlet to a junction or source. Two parameters, the total path length (sum of all path lengths) and the diameter (largest path length) are shown to be useful in network analysis. Some advantages of these parameters are that they are easy to measure, have straightforward topologic interpretations, and are closely related to important geometric measures. Moreover, they are capable of explaining various empirical geomorphic “laws,” such as the 0.6 power relation between mainstream length and area.