论西汉时的"子学没落,儒学独尊"问题

诸子思想的没落,并非秦始皇“焚书坑儒’’所致。汉武帝时“罢黜百家．独尊儒术”也并非是罢黜诸子百家全部。汉代独尊的是“六艺”经学而不是儒学思想。“经学”的崇尚．不只是在教育的仕进制度上取代了诸子思想的地位,在学术思想文化发展上更是诸子思想消沉的主因。     

黄牛神:土族原始农业文化意象

说到黄牛,自然与古代的牛耕有关。 在土族的神话传说中,有关牛和牛耕较为著名的故事就有三则：《黄牛大力士下凡》、《牛耕地的传说》和《布柔游》。其中,前两则属于神话和半神话,后一则却是生活故事。本文以前两则故事为主,重点探讨一下土族原始农业的起源以及牛耕神话的文化内涵。     

Use of Cow Dung as Fuel

Turf and cow dung, especially the latter, are major sources of fuel in most of the areas in Tibet other than the southern forests.     

The Ambivalent Moderation of Hindu Nationalism in India

Despite regular participation in national and regional elections and occupation of office both at the centre and in the regional governments, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has not acquired the aura of moderation. It has not achieved acceptance into the party system of India in a manner that would make it comparable to Christian Democratic parties in Europe. This appears puzzling in the light of Downs’ moderation thesis, which suggests that regular participation in free, fair and competitive elections transforms extremist parties to moderates as they converge towards the median voter. The article approaches this puzzling counterfactual in intra-system comparison by drawing on the case of Sikh nationalism. With a focus on BJP, the article presents an analysis of party competition, party programs, policies and public opinion data on issue positions and the social base of the party. In conclusion, three general enabling conditions are identified that help explain the deviant case of the ambivalent moderation of the BJP.

印度人民党虽然参加全国和地方选举,虽然在中央和地方政府中任职,但并没有因此就有稳健克制的样子。它没有能够像欧洲的基督教民主党那样被纳入印度的政党体系。这就成为汤恩的克制理论解释不了的谜团,按汤氏的理论,正常参加自由、公正而竞争性的选举,会使极端主义政党变得稳健克制,向一般投票者趋近。本文通过系统内比较,以民族主义的锡克教为例,破解了这个谜团。作者聚焦印度人民党,分析了政党竞争,政党计划、政策以及关于某些话题立场的舆论资料、还有政党的社会基础。作者发现三种情形能够一般性地解释印度人民党的偏激不稳健。