秦汉度量衡制度的考古学研究

秦汉时期是中国度量衡发展史上的重要时期,自商鞅变法实施"平斗桶、权衡、丈尺"的政策以来,秦汉帝国在全国范围内大力推行度量衡的统一。本文依据出土和传世的度量衡实物对秦汉时期的度量衡制度作了探讨,并概述其特点,如"以度审容"、进位关系、测量基准等等,由此可以看出秦汉时期奠定了中国古代度量衡制度发展的基础。     

Spatial Weights Matrices

The impetus for Cliff and Ord's landmark article, "The Problem of Spatial Autocorrelation," was to avoid the problem of topological invariance in the spatial weights matrix. The problem and three points of view on it – theoretical, topological, and empirical – are discussed.     

泽惠史林之作--评《中国科学技术史·度量衡卷》

《中国科学技术史·度量衡卷》是迄今为止最权威的中国度量衡史著作。该书以历代单位量值的演变作为主线 ,旁及中国度量衡的产生、发展、管理制度、相关的科学技术成就等 ,对中国度量衡史做了系统、全面的研究。该书修正了传统研究的不足 ,补充了以往的空缺 ,对相关历史现象的研究也提出了新的见解。该书的出版 ,为史学研究提供了可资借鉴的权威度量衡史著作。     

Models for Spatial Weights: A Systematic Look

General properties of spatial weights models, in particular Markovian properties, are systematically investigated. The role of stationary spatial distribution, interpretable as an importance-centrality or prominence index, is emphasized. Spatial interaction models, and among them the gravity model, are classified with respect to the time reversal and aggregation invariance properties obeyed by the associated spatial weights. Nine examples, involving connectivity, flows and distance decay analysis, integral geometry, and Dirichlet-Voronoi tessellations illustrate the main concepts, with a particular geometrical emphasis, and show how traditional, heuristic ingredients aimed at defining spatial weights can be recovered from general models.     

The Maximal Covering Problem with Some Negative Weights

This article presents the maximal covering problem on a network when some of the weights can be negative. Integer programming formulations are proposed and tested with ILOG CPLEX. Heuristic algorithms, an ascent algorithm, and simulated annealing are proposed and tested. The simulated annealing approach provides the best results for a data set comprising 40 problems.     

Constructing the Spatial Weights Matrix Using a Local Statistic

Spatial weights matrices are necessary elements in most regression models where a representation of spatial structure is needed. We construct a spatial weights matrix, W , based on the principle that spatial structure should be considered in a two‐part framework, those units that evoke a distance effect, and those that do not. Our two‐variable local statistics model (LSM) is based on the G_i* local statistic. The local statistic concept depends on the designation of a critical distance, d_c, defined as the distance beyond which no discernible increase in clustering of high or low values exists. In a series of simulation experiments LSM is compared to well‐known spatial weights matrix specifications—two different contiguity configurations, three different inverse distance formulations, and three semi‐variance models. The simulation experiments are carried out on a random spatial pattern and two types of spatial clustering patterns. The LSM performed best according to the Akaike Information Criterion, a spatial autoregressive coefficient evaluation, and Moran's I tests on residuals. The flexibility inherent in the LSM allows for its favorable performance when compared to the rigidity of the global models.     

Using AMOEBA to Create a Spatial Weights Matrix and Identify Spatial Clusters

The creation of a spatial weights matrix by a procedure called AMOEBA, A Multidirectional Optimum Ecotope-Based Algorithm , is dependent on the use of a local spatial autocorrelation statistic. The result is (1) a vector that identifies those spatial units that are related and unrelated to contiguous spatial units and (2) a matrix of weights whose values are a function of the relationship of the ith spatial unit with all other nearby spatial units for which there is a spatial association. In addition, the AMOEBA procedure aids in the demarcation of clusters, called ecotopes, of related spatial units. Experimentation reveals that AMOEBA is an effective tool for the identification of clusters. A comparison with a scan statistic procedure (SaTScan) gives evidence of the value of AMOEBA. Total fertility rates in enumeration districts in Amman, Jordan, are used to show a real-world example of the use of AMOEBA for the construction of a spatial weights matrix and for the identification of clusters. Again, comparisons reveal the effectiveness of the AMOEBA procedure.     

平泉县博物馆藏元代铜权

平泉县博物馆收藏有5件元代铜权,均为合范浇铸,权身阴刻竖排文字,分别为汉字、阿拉伯文、蒙文和波斯文,为研究元代平泉地区政治、经济的发展提供了珍贵资料。     

Optimal Weights for Focused Tests of Clustering Using the Local Moran Statistic

Local spatial statistics measure and test for spatial association for a variable or variables of interest in a geographic neighborhood surrounding a predefined location. Most applications adopt a single scale of analysis but give little attention to the scale of the process generating the data. Alternatively, when the researcher is uncertain about the process scale, local statistics may examine a number of scales. In these cases, it is important to include a correction for multiple testing when evaluating the statistical significance of each local statistic, something that is rarely done. Consequently, local statistics are more likely to identify significant relationships, even when no meaningful spatial association exists. In this article, we develop a methodology for the local Moran statistic that provides both an empirical estimate of the spatial scale of association and an assessment of the significance of the statistic for that scale. The key idea is to test a number of possible choices for the statistic's weight matrix and then account for the multiple testing associated with the number of weight matrices examined. Unlike previous research, our statistic avoids the use of simulation to determine statistical significance in the presence of multiple testing. To test the validity of our approach, we constructed a numerical example to assess the statistic's performance and conducted an empirical study using leukemia data from central New York state. The developed statistic addresses the need for the empirical determination of weights and spatial scale. The test therefore addresses the common weakness of many applications, where weights are defined exogenously, with little or no thought given to either the definition or its implications. Los indicadores locales (local spatial statistics) evalúan la asociación espacial de una o varias variables de interés dada un área predefinida y sus áreas vecinas. La mayoría de dichas medidas utilizan una escala única de análisis y prestan poca atención a la escala del proceso de generación de los datos. En los casos en los que el investigador no está seguro de la escala del proceso, las los indicadores locales pueden ser evaluados a varias escalas. En dichos casos, cuando se hace la evaluación de la significancia estadística de cada indicador local, es importante incorporar una corrección para pruebas múltiples (multiple tests), un ajuste que raramente se realiza en la gran mayoría de estudios. Debido al problema de pruebas múltiples, los indicadores locales son más propensos a identificar relaciones significativas, incluso cuando no existe asociación espacial significativa alguna. En este artículo los autores desarrollan una metodología que produce un índice local de Moran que proporciona tanto una estimación empírica de la escala espacial de la asociación así como una evaluación de la importancia del indicador para dicha escala. La idea clave es poner a prueba una serie de opciones posibles para la definición de la matriz de pesos espaciales (spatial weight matrix) del índice y luego tomar en cuenta las pruebas múltiples asociadas con el número de matrices de peso examinadas. A diferencia de métodos anteriores, el indicador local propuesto evita el uso de simulaciones para determinar la significancia estadística con pruebas múltiples. Para probar la validez del enfoque propuesto, se construyó un ejemplo numérico con el fin de evaluar el desempeño del nuevo índice y se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo a partir de datos del centro de leucemia del estado de Nueva York. El índice desarrollado responde a la necesidad de definir las ponderaciones (pesos) empíricamente y la escala espacial. De esta forma el método propuesto supera limitaciones comúnmente halladas de muchas aplicaciones en las cuales los pesos son definidos exógenamente, con poca o ninguna atención a su definición o su implicancias. 局部空间统计量可用于度量和检验预定地理区域周围邻域的空间关联。大多数情况下仅采用单一尺度的分析而较少关注数据生成过程的尺度。而当其过程尺度无法确定时,局部统计量却可能检测出多个尺度。在这些案例中,对单个局部统计量统计显著性评估建立多重检验的修正是重要的,而这却鲜有实施。因此,即使存在无意义的空间关联时,局部统计也更可能识别出显著的相关性。 本文发展了一种基于局部Moran统计的方法,提供了空间尺度关联性的经验估计以及对该尺度下统计显著性的评估。其核心思想是测试统计权重矩阵的可能选择,然后考虑与权重矩阵检验数量数目相关的多重检验。与以往研究不同,该方法在多重检验情况中避免了采用模拟来确定统计显著性。为检验其有效性,采用了数值案例来评估其统计性能,并基于纽约州中部的血癌数据进行比较研究。该方法解决了权重和空间尺度确定经验估计的需求,通过验证也相应地解决了很多应用中的普遍弱点,即权重被定义成外生变量,而很少或根本没有考虑其定义或含义。     

河北出土金元时期铜权的分析与研究

20世纪60年代,河北省物管理委员会在搜集和收购的古铜物中,曾发现大量出土的铜权,这些铜权保存较好,具有一定的研究价值。现就其中带有铭的金元时期铜权64枚作一分析。     

现代化后的日本农业:问题与对策

20世纪70年代,日本农业顺利完成了由传统到现代的决定性转变。日本农业在完成了现代化任务之后还面临着诸多“后现代”问题,主要表现为农产品自给率下降,农业结构性矛盾突出,农地经营规模难以扩大,农业补贴的财政负担沉重等,为此日本政府在农业立法、体制改革、粮食战略、比较优势和有机农业等方面采取了有效对策。     

The Measures and Materiality of Improvement in Ireland

This paper examines the impact and evidence of Improvement thinking on domestic and social spheres. Taking the example of Ireland it examines the origin and development of improving strategies and methodologies from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, in particular the widening application of reform to incorporate domestic, educational and moral concerns. Improvement measures were imposed on communities often by a land-owning class of differing social and religious origin, engendering socio-political tension still evident in Ireland today. Equally it was a period of new commercial opportunities and social betterment creating new class divisions that have been previously undervalued. This paper draws on work on a group of islands on the northern periphery of the country, where archaeological and historical evidence demonstrate that the reforms associated with the Improvement project were still underway well into the nineteenth century.     

科技手段与书画鉴定

在当今的器物学鉴定工作中,不少高科技的鉴定技术已经成功地应用于文物年代的分期断代和真伪鉴别上。但在古代书画鉴定工作中,由于其特殊性和复杂性,目前仍停留在传统的鉴定方法上。本文就运用一些必要的科学手段来证实鉴定结果进行了深入的探讨     

出土饱水木质文物的微生物腐蚀及防腐措施

在南方保存完好的出土木质文物大都处于饱水状态.出土后因为水和氧气的参与,在水解作用、微生物腐蚀等诸多因素的作用下,木质文物逐步被降解而变得腐朽.为此,本文从木质文物的微生物腐蚀机理着手,提出控制水活度的办法、控制氧气量、毒化微生物赖以生存的养料三种途径来防止或延缓木质文物的腐朽,以等待将来更好的脱水定型方法出现.