1874-1875年淮军援台与台湾凤山淮军昭忠祠

1874年,日本借“牡丹社事件”武装侵台,清政府派沈葆桢负责处理台湾事务.在沈葆桢请求下,李鸿章派部将唐定奎率淮军13营武装保台,挫败了日本的侵略意图,并进行台湾早期“抚番”开发.在台期间,淮军共有2000余名官兵伤亡病故.为祭祀追念这些将士,清政府允准在台湾凤山修建了凤山淮军昭忠祠.     

唐定奎及淮军十三营在台湾的“开山抚番”

"牡丹社事件"发生后,清政府任命沈葆桢为"钦差办理台湾等处海防兼理各国事务大臣"赴台与日本交涉并办理台湾防务事宜。沈葆桢东渡后,深感台防空虚;随后,李鸿章急调唐定奎所部淮军武毅铭军十三营入台巩固台防。中日《台事专条》签订后,日本按约撤军。沈葆桢巡台期间,审时度势地提出"开山抚番",唐定奎又率淮军协助其安抚番社。在台湾期间,淮军招抚狮头诸番社,宣威怀德,力行教化,为"开山抚番"各项事宜的进行打下了坚实的基础,亦为清政府在台湾保卫主权、巩固治权做出了突出的贡献。     

《西伯利东偏纪要》

清代边疆史地著作。曹廷杰著。成书于光绪十一年(1885年),书名又作《西伯利亚东偏纪要》、《伯利探路记》,有光绪手抄本、刻本,收入《辽海丛书》、《小方壶斋舆地丛书》正编。 曹廷杰(1850年～1926年),字彝卿,号楚训,湖北枝江人。同治十三年(1874年)入北京国史馆,做汉誊录。光绪九年(1883年)到吉林,在靖边军后路营中办理边务文案。光绪     

岑毓英与台湾“开山抚番”

同治十三年(1874年)的"牡丹社事件",清政府转变治台政策,积极实行"开山抚番",历经沈葆桢、丁日昌、吴赞诚等重臣巡台、治台时期,取得了显著的成效。光绪七年(1881年),岑毓英调补福建巡抚,办理台湾防务事宜。他在任上两次渡海赴台,继续推行"开山抚番"政策,为台湾近代化发展做出了一定的贡献,也为刘璈、刘铭传等人的治台打下了基础。     

潘志俊友朋函札七通考释

苏州博物馆资料部藏有一组函札,是光绪十一年(1885)沈家本、袁保龄、袁世凯等人致潘志俊的信件.当时的中国正值多事之秋.日本加快了侵略朝鲜的步伐,先后制造了1882年"壬午兵变"和1884年的"甲申政变".虽然由于清军的迅速行动平息了这两次事变,但日本还是趁此迫使朝鲜签订了1882年的<仁川条约>和1885年<汉城条约>,扩大了日本在朝鲜的侵略权益.与此同时,中国与法国间也于1884至1885年爆发了战争.     

浦城赣剧传人与发展

赣剧是江西的地方剧种。因浦城与江西近邻,赣剧于清末就传人浦城。据忠信村万年台墙壁记载：“光绪十一年（1885年）六月十三日,大吉祥班演出微马记》、敏合E酚”,证明早在100多年前就有江西赣剧艺术团体在浦城演出。     

刘铭传首任台湾巡抚一百周年学术讨论会在合肥举行

刘铭传首任台湾巡抚一百周年学术讨论会于九月十六日至二十日在合肥举行。出席会议的专家、学者、研究工作者共六十七人,他们来自北京、上海、福建、四川等七省两市,提交论文二十九篇。刘铭传(1836—1895年),安徽合肥市肥西县刘老圩人,早年追随李鸿章,为淮军的重要将领;1884年督办台湾军务,1885年台湾建省,刘为第一任巡抚。这次会议就刘铭传在台任职期间领导台湾军民进行抗法斗争、取得“淡水大捷”中的作用问题,刘铭传     

军事留学生与中国军事近代化

正晚清时期,眼见八旗、绿营和练军、防军在西方列强面前不堪一击,清朝内部少数有识之士痛心疾首,急思改革,寻求摆脱危机的出路。军事留学生的派遣,就是在这样的历史背景下开始的。海军留学生的派遣对清帝国而言,威胁首先来自海上,故当务之急就是建立一支坚船利炮的新式海军。要建立一支新式海军,     

抚台建功吴赞诚

中法战争后,清廷才认识到台湾岛的战略地位极为重要,遂于光绪十一年(1885年)九月五日,正式下诏将台湾由福建省的一个道上升为台湾省,改福建巡抚为台湾巡抚,原福建巡抚事改由闽浙总督兼管,并任命刘铭传为第一任台湾巡抚。在台湾巡抚设置之先,吴赞诚以福建船政大臣和福建巡抚的身份,于1877年和1878年两次往台湾巡察,对宝岛台湾的保卫和建设,做出了重要贡献。     

张謇致黄体芳父子信札

张謇(1853-1926),字季直,号啬庵,南通人.光绪十一年(1885)举人.光绪十九年出任崇明瀛洲书院院长,二十年高中状元,授翰林院修撰,二十一年总办通海团练,创办通州大生纱厂.     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the