明清山西碑刻里的乡约

从明清山西碑刻资料,可以看出明清时期特别是清代山西乡村社会存在的乡约形态。明代山西乡约主要出现在万历时太原、平阳二府与泽州,主要属于官方倡导的乡约制度,不过乡约也承担了宣讲以外的事务。清代山西的乡约更加深入基层,普及民间。本来作为宣讲制度、教化制度的乡约,在基层社会随着里甲赋役制度的变革,成为一级乡村行政组织。乡约与地方连用,简化为"乡地",共同维护村社秩序是其核心。乡约与保正也连用,出现了"乡保"一词,地方与保也连用,于是出现"地保"一词。这些用法表明,乡约与地方、保在清代山西乡村是最基本的行政组织。     

崇义县聂都的客家宗族民俗文化

聂都,是江西西南边陲上的一个山区乡村,它北、东、南三面分别与大余县河洞、内良及本县文英、关田相接。越过文英,与湖南汝城相望。西南与广东仁化毗邻。由于该乡地处山区,又介于湘、粤、赣三省之间,民间文化具有显著的地方特色,1998年元月,笔者前住该乡进行了为期10天的田野调查。     

“在乡的江湖”:近现代冀南乡村梅花拳的组织传统考察

近现代冀南乡村灾乱频发,流民现象周期性出现,梅花拳以师门、教门为纽带,自觉建构地方社会秩序并努力维持,由此形成了"在乡的江湖"的社会空间。梅花拳精英通过对"天地君亲师"等符号的活用,贴近国家礼治话语,在对自身体系予以神圣建构的同时,操持乡村社区公益,体现出地方尚武习俗与信仰活动的相互嵌入,可以视为广泛意义上的中国礼治传统的一部分。"在乡的江湖"的凸显,是近现代以来国家力量介入乡村程度日益加深、农民的社会流动加速的一种文化反映。循此路径,或有助于推进对近现代中国社会的同一性与差异性的理解。     

杨开道的乡约研究与乡村建设思想

作为中国早期农村社会学学者,杨开道详细地研究了乡约的产生、发展过程和主要特征.他吸取乡约制度中自下而上的发起方式和一纲三目的体系模式,提出了自己的农村组织建设方案.他设想的农村地方社会组织是全村范围内的统筹性组织,体现了西方社会学理论中的分工合作原则.杨开道的乡约研究为20世纪20-30年代的乡村建设运动提供了重要的理论支持.他与梁漱溟在乡约和乡村建设理论方面的不同认识,全面地反映出改良主义知识分子的理想和追求.     

从乡约看近代士绅与近代社会

近代绅士通过乡约来实行地方自治,强化自已的社会地位,保障自己的经济利益,在晚清社会政治经济生活中形成了一道亮丽的风景线。关注近代乡约,关注乡绅有助于我们透彻了解近代社会生活的特质。文章通过对近代乡约的研究,从士绅与乡约的制定、士绅与乡约的宣讲、士绅如何通过乡约控制乡村社会三个方面,揭示晚清士绅在乡村社会中的地位及影响,融合历史学、社会学、政治学理论,对相关史料进行了较为深入的个案透析,颇有新意。     

江右王学的学术传承与地方宗族的乡村实践——以明代中后期安福邹守益家族为例

明中叶以后,江右王门学者广建书院、频繁地举办讲会活动,不但推动了王阳明心学理论的发展,也使学术思想得到传承,并广泛流传于乡村社会。在学术思想草根化过程中,王门学者又将之与地方宗族紧密结合,在加快了宗族内部整合的同时,也使宗族更主动地承担起乡里的责任,如主持地方公共事务、教化乡里,维护乡村社会秩序,甚至为乡村利益而与政府谈判。江右王门的代表人物邹守益及其家族以书院为依托,以讲会为形式,以乡村事务为己任,不仅将学术思想转化为＂化乡＂理念,付诸于乡村社会实践之中;而且整合并凝聚了王门学者团体,成为重要的地方＂清议＂力量。     

清末地方自治中的广东士绅

<正>中国传统社会实行“国权不下县，县下惟宗族，宗族皆自治，自治靠伦理，伦理造乡绅”^[1]这一基层控制模式，士绅成为地方社会治理的重要力量。地方自治是政治近代化的重要标志，士绅是地方自治的中坚力量。新政时期广东士绅开展的地方自治是应对晚清政治改革的自然调适，开启了广东地方政治近代化的先声。广东士绅在设立地方自治研究社、参与咨议局和筹建统一自治机构等方面投入了相当精力，虽然成效有限，但却巩固了传统绅权。对新政时期广东士绅参与地方自治的原因、     

华北乡村的堡寨与明清边镇的社会变迁——以河北蔚县为中心的考察

堡寨是中国乡村社会一种常见的防御性聚落形态,明清华北乡村修筑过大量的堡寨,它们浓缩了华北边地数百年间的历史变迁。本文以河北蔚县作为华北乡村堡寨的个案,通过对它的研究,细致展现伴随着明清边镇战和局势、卫所制度、地方社会的变迁,乡村堡寨的修建、类型、功能、组织管理以及象征意义发生了怎样的变化,与此同时,也可考察乡绅力量的介入以及乡民观念的转变。     

乡建运动与新乡贤阶层的崛起

一、乡贤与乡村治理 在古代,王权政治只管到县一级,广大乡村通过自治的方式,以及乡规民约实现有效管理,体现的是宗法制度与儒家思想.传统乡贤社会与乡村治理(自治)主要包括:保甲制度、乡绅、乡约(如北宋吕大钧返乡后与乡民订立《吕氏乡约》:德业相劝,过失相规,礼俗相交,患难相恤)、乡学、私塾(村塾)、义学、义庄、义仓.     

施压与抵制——从“窃线”案件看1940年代后期国家权力与乡村社会的关系

1946年至1948年间,江西省南昌县小蓝乡境内发生了一系列窃割电话电报线案件,为此,南昌县政府受到了来自电信管理部门和省政府要求其迅速破案和防止此类案件再次发生的巨大压力,并三番五次催促小蓝乡缉拿窃犯和严加防护.小蓝乡最初对此无动于衷,只是在受到多次催促后才呈书一封,陈明该乡既无力破案,也无防护责任.频繁发生的窃线案件最终都不了了之,无一破获.“窃线”案频繁且持续发生,自有其经济因素,但它反映的却是地方政府、乡镇基层政权与乡村社会政治关系的现实.由此可以看出,近代以来特别是进入20世纪后,传统乡村社会秩序虽逐步瓦解,国家权力开始向乡村社会渗透、延伸,但在某些传统乡村,乡村基层政权或许只具象征意义,在国家权力侵害到其具体利益时,乡村社会依然能够有效表达其意志,并抵制国家权力的侵害.这种抵制,在一定意义上说,是作为一个具有悠久历史的生命体对国家权力在乡村延伸的本能反应.     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the