A Textual Study of The Post and Rank of ＂Khutukhtu＂ in Tibetan Buddhism

Among Mongolian and Tibetan high-ranking Bud-dhist monks,the Khutukhtu is second only to that ofthe Dalai and the Panchen.There have,however,beenvarious interpretations of the word khutukhtu,its lin-guistic origin,and connotations.In this essay,therefore,I expound on the preliminary textual re-search I have made into questions regarding the ori-gin of the word “khutukhtu,” its course of evolution,     

A Study of The Sculptures of lwang （E-Warn）Temple and an Analysisof Their Art Style

I was fortunate enough to get hold of two archaeological reports about Iwang (E-Wam) Temple nearly at the same time in I992^1 One of them was written by Italian Tibetologist Robeter Vitali and the other by Tibetan Archaeological Team (also called Tibetan General Cultural Relics Survey Team). Although these two     

The Middle Ground, “Middle Ground Moments,” and Accommodation in the Study of Later Qing Borderland History

This article examines Richard White’s concept of the “middle ground” and its prospective application to the study of China’s Qing (1644–1911) borderlands from the late eighteenth century. It argues that although White’s model, in its specific formulation, is problematic to apply due to the dissimilarity of Qing conditions, it yet has value and can be adapted. One possibility is advanced in the notion of “middle ground moments,” briefly explored in the cases of Shaanxi’s Dabashan highlands in a “population boom,” Hunan’s Miao Frontier in the “fog of war,” and Xinjiang’s Kashgar crossroads during the “fall of empires.” Focusing on group exchange, adaptation, and hybridization offers insight into regional cultural creation, as well as a means to question received narratives of breakdown, pacification, resistance, or Great Game struggle. Such modeling, and shared attention to accommodation perspectives generally, also presents a space for dialogue across the New Qing History and Chinese nationalist divide in Qing frontier studies.     

Senior Officials in Tibet Appointed by the Government of the Republic of China： Case Study of Lu Hsing-Chi and Others

After the Qing Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution of I9II, the newly established government of the Republic of China （ROC） was confronted with a dilemma：the warlords were fighting each other and the foreign imperialists were waiting for opportunities to expand their interests in China. Even so, the new Republic government set out a series of political system reforms. As the most important part of political system, the official system directly reflected the reforms.     

Zhu Weiqun Says the Essence of the “Middle Way Approach”——is a Vicious Attempt to Divide the Nation and the People of China

On Nov. 10, 2008, Mr. Zhu Weiqun, the executive deputy head of the United Front Work Department （UFWD）, Mr.Sitar, the deputy head of UFWD, and Mr. Baema Chilain, the Deputy Chairman of Tibet Autonomous Region （TAR）,held a joint press conference in Beijing. On reviewing the recent talks with the Dalai Lama＇s private envoys, they set out the consistent policy of the central government toward the Dalai Lama.This issue of the journal includes the text of Mr. Zhu Weiqun＇s address to the media as follows：     

日本中学英语教科书的文化内容

伴随日本2008年新的《学习指导要领》的修订,强化包括英语在内的各学科学习成为日本国内教育的首要目标。交际和跨文化理解能力的培养成为英语教育的重要内容之一。本文通过分析日本中学英语教科书中的文化内容,从跨文化理解的视角出发探讨日本英语教学中的文化教育,以期对我国的英语教育有所启示和反思。     

谈一谈文化背景在小学英语教学中的渗透

亚里士多德的《诗学》认为悲剧描写的是严肃的事件,是对有一定长度的动作的摹仿;目的在於引起怜悯和恐惧,并导致这些情感的净化;主人公往往出乎意料的遭到不幸,从而成悲剧,因而悲剧的冲突成了人和命运的冲突。西方早期著名的戏剧家都是以创作悲剧闻名的,悲剧可以说是最高形式的美,欣赏悲剧变便成了美学中不可缺少的部分……     

我国非物质文化遗产保护的“四种倾向”及对策分析

当前我国非物质文化遗产保护运动中存在四种倾向,即"简单资本化"、"僵硬科层化"、"过度脱域化"、"全民快餐化"。本文结合非物质文化遗产保护提出的理论基础与时代背景,从发展理念层面、民众认知层面、学术研究层面、政府工作层面探讨了产生上述倾向的原因,提出了重塑文化保护观念、厘清政府角色、培育志愿者组织、开展自下而上式保护、加强研究工作的对策建议。     

The Application of TPR in Primary School English Teaching

作为外语教学法流派中一支,全身动作反应法近年来引起了国内教育研究者和英语教师的关注,并被广泛应用于小学英语教学实践。本文简述其理论背景,典型教学案例,并总结了实行过程中需要注意之处,为发挥其优势,提高教学实践的结论提供了一定新思路。     

二十世纪二三十年代小学教师的薪水及其生活状况

民国时期,教师已成为一个相对独立的新兴职业群体。教师的经济和社会地位,直接关系教师群体之素质,并大体上反映一个国家及其社会对教育的重视程度。本从生活史的角度,对二十世纪二三十年代小学教师的薪水及其生活状况进行了考察,认为这一时期小学教师待遇不仅非常低微,而且差异亦极为悬殊,由此制约了当时小学教师专业素质的提高,影响着教师职业的稳定性,形成小学教师队伍的人才逆淘汰现象。而这恰恰是当时中国政治、经济、社会等诸多因素共同作用的结果。     

汉字教学刍议

本文结合笔者教学实践,主要分析了当前中小学汉字教学的现状、存在的问题,并有针对性地从教师和教学方法两个层面提出了相关建议。     

民国时期福建乡村的华侨中小学校

近代以后,新式教育逐渐传入福建,但由于各级政府财力所限,基础教育投入不及广大乡村。而旅居海外的福建华侨返乡兴学之举则在一定程度上补其不足,为乡村的适龄儿童提供了受教育的场所,并以其兴办新学的教育实践,在长期处于落后状态的福建乡村地区发挥了重要的教育示范和导向作用,推进了新式教育在乡村的发展,一定程度上缩减了城乡教育的差距,从而富有成效地充当了福建教育现代化的先导。     

试论20世纪六七十年代两次文化政策的调整

在新中国的历史上,调整文化政策影响最大的是20世纪60年代初期和70年代中期这两次。60年代初的文化政策调整是一次全面、自觉的调整,调整从调查研究入手,以调整知识分子政策为关键,注意解决红专关系、双百方针问题,制定了《科学十四条》、《高教六十条》和《文艺八条》等科学、教育、文艺领域的一系列条例,这些条例的制定是调整取得成果的标志;1975年文化政策的调整是在特殊条件下进行的一场尖锐复杂的斗争,文艺、科技、教育三个领域的调整方式方法特殊,结果也有差异,调整的关键在于分清是非、划清界限,文艺领域的调整取得了一定的成效,科学、教育方面分别写出了汇报提纲,但由于反击右倾翻案风运动,整顿被迫中断。两次文化政策的调整,对先进文化的建设和发展提供了宝贵的经验。     

20世纪70年代美国的西藏政策

美国最新解密文件显示,20世纪70年代美国西藏政策发生了新变化:美国中央情报局虽然继续对西藏分裂势力进行援助,但是削减了援助资金的数额,尼克松政府对待达赖"访美"的立场经历了从拒绝到有条件支持的转变;福特政府时期,随着中美高层互访和交流的深入,西藏问题首次公开进入双边会谈议事议程,并就此拉开中美关于西藏问题对话的序幕。与此同时,美国国会也卷入西藏事务,其对西藏事务的干涉主要包括为达赖集团提供经济援助和政治支持,为日后国会以立法的形式干涉西藏事务埋下了伏笔。     

Snapshots of Tibet:Lhasa in the 1950s

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