THE “RUSSIAN LAND” AND THE FORMATION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE

The author retraces, on the basis of extensive written sources, the formation of the territory of the ancient Russian “independent semi-states” on the vast expanse of the Eastern European Plain. His conclusions, which show that the problem of the study of the formation of state territory is not at all the same as the study of ethnic territory, particularly colonization, confirm that the territory of the ancient Russian state was formed not with the appearance in Kiev of Oleg and Igor but as a result of a long internal process that commenced long before that event and continued for centuries after. (The translation was prepared by James R. Gibson of York University, Toronto.)     

THE PEOPLE FROM THE WORLD‘S Highest Railway

Seven years ago,China Railway 18th Bureau Group Co.Ltd was appointed to build the world‘s highest railway,namely Tanggula part (5072 metres above sea level) of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.In August of 2005,Liu Zhijun,the Minister for China Railways, announced that a link had been completed in the line at Tanggula Station.From here on,China Railway was to realize its dream-a railway at the summit of the world,through the efforts of Chinese workers in China Railway system.     

EASTER ISLAND： THE EVOLUTION OF ITS CULTURE UNTIL THE DESTRUCTIONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

1. Introduction
Since the first time Easter Island was explored, scholars have been arguing and speculating about the date of the natives＇ arrival, the nature and purpose of the larger statues, its actual number of inhabitants, the reasons for the progressive deforestation of the island, etc.     

VIEWING THE WORLD

2003年12月,联合国大会宣布将每年的4月7日定为“卢旺达大屠杀国际反思日”。今年4月7日,联合国为首个反思日举行活动,隆重纪念“卢旺达大屠杀”十周年。 1994年4月6日,卢旺达总统、胡图族人哈比亚利马纳和布隆迪总统恩塔里亚米拉乘坐飞机遇难身亡。数小时后,以胡图族为主的总统卫队和以图西族为主的卢旺达爱国阵线在基加利市区爆发激烈冲突,演     

THE POLITICS OF DISINTEREST: THE WHIGS AND THE LIBERAL PARTY IN THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, 1830–1850

Abstract

Having entered the 1960s in a mood of confident expansion epitomized by the Robbins Report of 1963, British universities found their budgets ravaged by inflation in the early 1970s and struggled for financial equilibrium over the next three decades. While the 'unit of resource' halved between 1976 and the end of the century, the very nature of a university came into question as renewed growth succeeded cuts in the 1980s, and institutions were required to balance their books by supplementing the traditional functions of teaching and research with a contribution to 'knowledge transfer', local regeneration, and the search for social inclusiveness. In this increasingly competitive system, the 'big civics' faced the spectre of relative decline in the 1990s, as the State continued to support the elite 'golden triangle' and diverted further funds to support struggling 'new' universities, while smaller 'plate glass' institutions were swifter to respond to a new culture of public league tables. This article examines the University of Leeds's changing responses to these challenges, comparing the 'political' leadership of Vice-Chancellors Lord Boyle and Sir Edward Parkes with the managerial approach of Professor Sir Alan Wilson.     

OVER THE WATER AND ACROSS THE DESERT – TRANS-SAHARAN CONTACTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN THE 6TH AND 5TH CENTURY BC

After presenting the picture of Africa in Mediterranean minds of antiquity,this paper seeks by ways of a combined interpretation of the periplus of Hanno and Herodotus’logos on the Nasamones to investigate Carthaginian and Greek knowledge about the trans-Saharan routes und contacts of the 6th and 5th century BC.Further comparison with recent archaeological discoveries from the Iron Age in Senegal,the Niger Bend and Lake Chad illustrate that these sites were the destination of travellers from the North and that universal geographical theses concerning the course of the river Nile provided fundamental patterns of explanation and orientation for ancient explorers.Finally,it is considered why any further explorations both of the Inner African hinterland and the western seaway around the African continent were suspended in Antiquity.     

THE “RUSSIFICATION” OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE USSR

Among the avowed social policies of the Soviet Union are modernization and industrialization, which may be combined under the label of Sovietization, and the spread of Russian language and culture within the USSR, which may be termed Russianization. But there is also a third process at work in which non-Russians lose their ethnic identity in favor of identification with Russian culture. This process, which may be called "Russification," can be measured by the number of non-Russians who declare Russian to be their first language in the census. The authors use correlation analysis and principal components analysis to identify the factors that promote or hinder the Russification process.     

THE SHTETL—THE JEWISH SMALL TOWN IN EASTERN EUROPE

The Jewish town (shtetl) in Eastern Europe existed for hundreds of years as an unique cultural world, a world completely vanished since World War II. The large majority of the towns was small—90% being no larger than 5,000 people. The Jews of the shtetl did not live to feel the full extent of technological change because most of them, their settlements and their entire culture were razed by the flames of the war. In this study, an attempt is made to reconstruct the spatial structure of the shtetl and the arrangement of the elements by using the Core and Periphery Model.     

THE SEISMICITY OF THE MARMARA SEA AREA 1800–1899

The paper presents an extended summary of the most important earthquakes of the 19th century in the Marmara Sea region in north-west Turkey. We can find no evidence for a significant earthquake occuring during the first half of the 19th century, a period during which the west terminal of the North Anatolian fault system was much more active further west.This variation of activity with time of segments of fault zones, such as the Anatolian, is typical; the smaller the segment considered the longer the sampling period needed for moment rates and hazard estimates to be reliable. We find that the larger and some of the smaller events of the 19th century are clearly associated with known active faults which have generated earlier and later damaging earthquakes.     

OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION ＂TREASURE IN THE SNOW-LAND＂

On March 28th, 2010, the 51st anniversary of the emancipation of the million serfs in Tibet, an exhibition on the theme ＇Treasures in the Snow.land, witnessing Tibetan History and Promoting Tibetan Culture＂ taking place in the newly built Museum of Tibetan Culture in the China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing. Over 100 leaders, experts and academics from related state departments, the Tibet Autonomous Region, relevant research institutes,     

“THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MARITIMES”: A REAPPRAISAL

Will the post-9/11 environment revive Canada–US intelligence cooperation and catalyze a security community? A comparative study based on intelligence principles, ideas, norms, orientations, and institutions drawn from the literature predicts cooperation but not necessarily a security community, owing to different (a) histories, (b) security interpretations/agenda placements, (c) political and legislative cultures, (d) degrees of public acceptance, and (e) domestic–international inclinations. Waning British influences, evaporating Anglo-Saxon identities, and changing strategic interests compel Canada to play Thomas Hughes's butcher role, and the US the more encompassing intelligence-policy maker role.     

THE LOGIC OF GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE POPULATION–ECONOMY–ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM

Block and matrix models are used to identify the complex system of interactions between man (and human activity) and the natural environment, to trace the chains of linkages (both forward and reverse) between them, and to define a logical sequence for investigating the geographical aspects of those interactions. The concepts “impact” and “consequence” are distinguished, and the relativity of meanings of these two notions is demonstrated. An approach to the classification of human impacts in terms of their effect on environmental components is suggested. The authors stress the need for investigating the chain reactions that may be triggered by outside influences both in the natural environment and in human activity. Some approaches to an evaluation of impacts and consequences are proposed, and the “subject” and “object” of such evaluations are distinguished.