从文化殖民的视角重读新加坡海峡华人的失根与寻根

论文从文化殖民的视角分析了新加坡海峡华人的失根、寻根与保根的文化现象,并对海峡华人知识分子掀起的以传统文化为基础的现代化改革运动进行了回顾和解读。这一段从"西化"至"再华化"、从"文化殖民"至"去文化殖民"的经历,跟新加坡独立后的西化发展,以及20、21世纪之交的华族语言文化复兴运动有许多相似之处。海峡华人知识分子复兴传统的努力自有其积极意义。他们致力推广华语和复兴儒学之举,例如提倡女权女学思想、创建女校,其贡献是深远的。     

Subjects,citizens and others: the handling of ethnic differences in the British and the Habsburg Empires (late nineteenth and early twentieth century)

This article focuses on the role of ethnic inclusions and exclusions in administering citizenship and nationality within the British and the Habsburg Empires. The analysis discerns three ways of dealing with ethnically heterogenous populations. One follows the nation-state model and aims for internal ethnic homogeneity and legal equality. This model coined developments in Canada and Hungary. The second obeys an imperialistic pattern and implements legal discrimination between different ethnic groups. It played a decisive role in East Africa and in Bosnia to a certain degree. The third model follows a statist logic and enforces either supra-ethnic neutrality or a politics of recognition. It was most influential in Austria and India. In the British as well as in the Habsburg context ethnic differences gained significance around 1900. This ethnicising of law and administrative practice produced different results, though, in both cases, mainly due to the empires' divergent political structures. Whereas within the Habsburg Empire the three models were juxtaposed, British law and administration came to be dominated by the imperialistic pattern of ethnic discrimination against ‘non-white’ subjects. Thus, the customary distinction between a politically inclusive nationalism in Western Europe and an ethnically exclusive one in the continent's Eastern half – sometimes linked with the difference between ius soli and ius sanguinis – cannot be upheld.     

马来亚华人抗日武装与马来亚联盟公民权计划

太平洋战争时期, 英国殖民当局针对马来亚地区制定了马来亚联盟计划及马来亚联盟公民权计划。英国制定公民权计划主要是由于下列因素的影响: 第一, 主要由华人参与、由马共领导的抗日武装力量受到英国的高度重视, 面对马共提出的政治权利要求, 英国绝不可漠然视之, 公民权计划与此密切相关; 第二, 给予马来亚华人所谓的“政治权利”, 有利于切断当地华人与中国的联系,抵消中国政府对马来亚华人的影响; 第三, 由于马来苏丹不愿承认当地华人的政治身份, 解决华人的政治地位问题成为英国剥夺马来苏丹主权的一个有利的借口。由于华人政策和公民权计划中包含着许多种族不平等甚至容易引起种族纷争的内容, 因此, 英国制定这一计划与其说是要促进马来亚各民族的融合不如说是要在马来亚各民族间制造新的障碍, 也很难说英国制定这一计划是为马来亚自治做准备。     

中国传统文学在新马的传播--兼论土生华人的作用

中国传统文学在新马流播极早,它们主要是通过早期劳工口头传播、私塾授受传播、文人沙龙传播、华人社团传播、峇峇群落马来文翻译传播等渠道,使中国传统文学在当地被广泛接受,中国传统文化得以延续.中国文学由此对当地的华人与华文文学产生巨大的影响.     

论二战后新加坡华人社团与教育的互动关系--社会经济的视野

本文以战后初期华人社团在新加坡华文教育发展中的作用为讨论的切入点,重点分析会馆如何重建或新办学校、筹措资金以及提供师资与领导等方面的活动.本文也将通过详细的统计资料,探讨会馆属下学校的董事、教师、学生及其家庭的社会经济和教育背景,以期厘清华文教育、会馆以及社会经济变迁这三者之间交错复杂的关系.     

Governing the Homeless in an Age of Compassion: Homelessness,Citizenship, and the 10‐Year Plan to End Homelessness in King County Washington

Abstract: In 2001, President Bush announced his intention to “end chronic homeless by the year 2012” as part of his broad “Compassion Agenda”. Since then, departmental consolidation, changes in funding allocation, and continued decentralization of services provision have dramatically reshaped the landscape of homeless service provision in the US. In this paper I examine how these roll‐out policies reify and re‐entrench liberal equations of property with rational self‐governance at the local scale. Particularly, I illustrate how tropes of homeless otherness work alongside and through federal neoliberal roll‐out policies to exclude homeless voices from the formation of local social policy. In doing so, I attempt to call attention to the mutually constitutive relationship between the spatial management of homeless bodies, tropes of homeless deviance and dependence, and limits to citizenship in the context of neoliberal urban governance.     

美国华人餐饮业及其文化认同

通过对1965年前后两个阶段美国中餐业的变迁,蒙特利尔公园市中餐业的兴起及影响,圣盖博谷地区中餐业更深刻、更广泛变化的阐述,本文分析了新一代华人移民在多元文化背景和与主流社会的磨合中,所追求的生活方式和包括饮食习惯在内的文化认同。     

Citizenship and Belonging in the Rural Fringe: A Case Study of a Hindu Temple in Sydney,Australia

Despite Australian multicultural policy that asserts the right of all citizens to maintain and practice their religion, formal citizenship has not guaranteed the welcome or belonging of migrant religious groups at the neighbourhood scale. This is most starkly reflected in contests over the inclusion of minority religious spaces in the Australian landscape, which increasingly take place in the rural–urban fringe of metropolitan areas. This work examines the controversy over a proposed Hindu temple in metropolitan Sydney and reveals insights into the way that rural–urban fringe space is imagined, understood and experienced by land use planners, residents and temple members. Critical discourse analysis of policy documentation along with interviews reveals that land use planners circumscribe belonging in the landscape through the use of zoning ordinances and design controls, local residents mark the boundaries of white privilege through narratives of heritage and cultural difference and temple members claim rights to citizenship based on assertions of sameness.     

难民认同：基于苦难历史记忆、政策及现实利益的想象——以广东省小岭华侨农场越南归侨为例

本文选择小岭华侨农场越南归侨为研究对象,运用田野调查和历史档案资料,阐释了在特殊迁移经历、政府倾斜性扶持政策及现实利益等因素的影响下,华侨农场越南归侨实现和巩固了对难民身份的想象与认同。     

史料、方法、理论——谈马新中文源流“华人研究”主体的建立

从史学的视角为切入点,通过史料、方法、理论三个层面对马新中文源流“华人学”主体性建构可能性的探讨,得出结论,由于在研究方法和理论上的严重不足和匮乏,马新“华人学”的未来,只有在史料的发掘和解读的基础上,方能进一步发展自身的方法和理论。     

文化认同的传承与创新：印度加尔各答华人的多元化宗教信仰研究

作为对印度加尔各答华人研究的一部分,本文基于田野调查获得的资料,从文化认同的理论视角,探讨了在南亚唯一唐人街及华人社区生活的加尔各答华人多元化宗教信仰。通过对其宗教信仰中“中国传承”和“住地创新”两方面内容的归纳分析,揭示出在印度加尔各答华人社区内,独特的中国及印度元素兼备的华人多元化身份特征及文化认同。     

Capitalism,Inequality and Ideology in Singapore: New Challenges for the Ruling Party

Amidst popular concerns about rising inequalities and living costs, reduced social mobility and inadequate public infrastructure, Singapore’s ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) suffered significant declines in electoral support in the 2006 and 2011 general elections before regaining support at the 2015 polls. Importantly, these concerns reflect the intensification of contradictions inherent to Singapore’s model of capitalist development. This juncture in the city-state’s political economy has been conducive to greater scrutiny of core PAP ideological notions about the perils of “Western” social welfare and the moral and functional advantages of non-democratic institutions of political accountability and representation. The PAP has responded with creative new defences of its core ideologies in conjunction with social spending boosts, a strategy that will be further tested following the 2015 election.     

马来西亚华人社会的语言生活和认同结构——以问卷调查为基础的分析

为了客观反映马来西亚华人在语言和认同等领域的现状,采用问卷调查的方法,通过基本数据材料的分析,探讨了当今马来西亚吉隆坡、古晋、吧巴和诗巫等地的华人认同情况.在语言方面,华人子弟在小学阶段大致打好华语基础,同时保持华人认同.在日常生活中,华语和华人方言的使用占优势,但在商业和职业范围,马来语和英语的使用率有所增加.经济生活方面,华人发扬了传统的奋斗精神,贡献于国民经济的发展.政治认同方面,华人对马来西亚的认同,远远高于对中国等其它对象的认同.结果显示:华人既保持华人性而又能动地适应国民规范;华人以民族语言维持传统文化的族群社会功能,扮演着国家社会发展的重要角色,在这一过程中,华人形成了本身的"华人文化圈"并进一步孕育着华人文化的发展与创新.     

Heritage and ethnic identity: preserving Chinese cemeteries in the United States

This paper critically examines the role of ethnic community in the process of heritage management and preservation. Drawing on two heritage projects dedicated to historic Chinese American cemeteries – the nineteenth-century Chinese Memorial Shrine in Los Angeles, California and Concordia Chinese Cemetery located in El Paso, Texas – this study examines how heritage serves as a central referent in constructing a collective identity that gives continuity and political unity to an ethnic community. Heritage preservation, as a practice connecting the past and present, provides us with insight not only into the historic meanings attached to heritage, but also the contemporary values and ideologies of communities with regard to their efforts in interpreting the past. This paper highlights the relationship between identity politics and heritage, suggesting that heritage becomes a vital means of identity formation which helps articulate cultural traditions in the face of a dominant national culture that essentialises ethnic pasts.     

‘Shew Yourselves as Men’: Gender,Citizenship and Political Propaganda in the 1773 and 1774 Worcester Election Contests

This case study of the 1773 and 1774 election contests in the city of Worcester investigates how members of the local oligarchy, and the political opposition to that oligarchy, drew on contemporary discourses on citizenship to convince the electorate that their candidate would become a worthy representative of their city in parliament, and to refute the claims of their opponents. Since independence was absolutely essential to the voters’ identities as male householder citizens, this became the main issue of conflict. The candidate of the opposition interest, Sir Watkin Lewes, sought to establish himself as the guardian of the independence of the citizens of Worcester against the corrupt corporation. The candidates of the corporation, Thomas Bates Rous and his successor, Colonel Nicholas Lechmere, instead claimed that Lewes was the real threat, as his anti‐corruption campaign deprived the voters of the usual fruits of the election. While such claims also entailed an appeal by the local elite to the financial interest of the voters, the need to justify this incentive ideologically, and the high portion of voters who turned their backs on their patrons, does suggest the power embedded in the concept of citizenship in the political life at the level of the localities. Gendered and classed conceptions of citizenship, furthermore, were employed as offensive weapons in the political propaganda surrounding the elections, as each faction sought to discredit the other by claiming that they were neither manly enough, nor of the proper social status, to qualify as worthy political subjects. Thus, citizenship was not only fundamentally gendered in the masculine, but also highly hierarchical and equally intertwined with contemporary notions of class.     

归侨认同意识的形成及其动态——以广东粤海湾华侨农场为例

基于田野调查的内容,选择粤海湾华侨农场作为研究对象,采用"多元社区"概念,以归侨群体在文化适应过程中的能动作用为理论视角,从多元社区的形成、归侨文化与认同意识的形成、归侨认同意识的动态等方面考察和分析了归侨社区内部高度复合性的群体关系以及由此而产生的内部传统调适和整合机制。     

Indigenous Time,Colonial History: Sami Conceptions of Time and Ancestry and the Role of Relics in Cultural Reproduction

The role of the past in prehistoric societies is a frequently occurring topic in recent archaeological literature. It is proposed that prehistoric societies were concerned with the construction of an ancient past, and that relics were actively used as mnemonic devices in recalling the past. This paper comments on the significance of historicity in cultural reproduction on the basis of indigenous Sami conceptions of time and ancestry. It is a personal reflection from an archaeologist's point of view. The indigenous Sami concept of time, life and death implies that distances in the past were not ascribed any significant value and that there was no chronological or genealogical scale against which events in the past were measured. It is argued that relics were not ascribed a discursive value, and that they were not used as mnemonic devices in recalling an ancient past. By the example of Sami conceptions of time and ancestry, the author advocates great caution in promoting relics as carriers of collective memories in ancient societies.     

危机与认同：中国民族溯源研究——以清末民国时期中学本国史教科书为中心

对中国人种起源的探讨,是20世纪上半期广泛关注的话题,经历了一个从"西来说"到"土著说"的过程.这一转变,考古发现是个重要原因,但其中蕴含了一点民族情感,二者共同促成了"土著说"的确立.从民族主义立场来看,"西来说"与"土著说"是一脉相承的,都是建构民族认同的努力.在中国近代民族危机中出现的民族溯源,其发生与变化反映了20世纪上半期中国民族主义的曲折发展.     

早期美国华裔青年的自我认同：兼评雷洁琼硕士论文的历史意义

以雷洁琼1931年的硕士论文为原始资料,分析了20世纪30年代华裔青年的自我认同,论述了芝加哥学派对早期华人华裔研究的影响,华裔青年群体的成长过程、种族压力下的华人家庭生活、华裔学生在美国公立学校的经历、在就业上所受到的歧视以及渴望返回中国的心理状态。提炼出一个观点：在美国族裔关系中,只要整个华人族群的地位低下,华裔青年的自我认同就无法摆脱“外国人”的阴影;华裔青少年在语言、思维、生活方式及社会举止上的美国化仅仅是一种单方面的改变,并不能使他们成为一个美国社会认可的美国人;在一个种族意识强烈的社会里,文化上的美国人不等于是种族上的美国人。     

从改革开放前后两个时期的历史性质及其相互关系上认识中国特色社会主义道路的内涵

对中国特色社会主义道路的内涵,可以从理论上认识,也可以从历史上认识。从历史上认识,最重要的是弄清改革开放前后两个时期的历史及其相互关系。党的十七大报告关于改革开放事业与党的三代中央领导集体关系的论述,为我们正确认识这一问题提供了重要指导思想。只要根据这一指导思想考察改革开放前后两个29年的历史,就会清楚地看到,前者是探索中国社会主义道路的历史,后者是开创并全面发展中国特色社会主义的历史;前者是后者的基础,没有前者的成就和正反两方面的经验做基础,就没有后者的飞速发展;后者是前者的继承、扬弃和完善,没有后者的改革开放,前者也难以为继。前后两个29年虽然有很大区别,但都内在地统一于科学社会主义原则之下。