‘Partner in his Calamities’: Pastors' Wives,Married Nuns and the Experience of Clerical Marriage in the Early German Reformation

This essay examines what factors led the first clerical wives to marry former Catholic clergy and nuns to marry in the first decade of the Reformation in Germany and seeks to explain the difference that social class, geography and gender made in those decisions. In contrast to the later Reformation, when pastors married same or higher social status women, the majority of women who married former priests and monks during the 1520s were often lower or, in the case of nuns, significantly higher social status than their husbands. Women married clergy for a variety of reasons that were counterintuitive to typical marital strategies for economic security and social networking, since clergy had neither in the 1520s. While sharing a common experience, clerical wives' reasons for marriage to a pastor varied greatly depending on class, local decision about the Reformation and numerous personal factors. Using a variety of sources including letters, civic records, court testimony and published pamphlets, this article demonstrates that these women did exhibit a limited agency that ultimately helped shape larger social and political acceptance of clerical marriage.     

Roger,Bishop of salisbury,Chancellor and Justiciar of England,1102-113

Abstract

The discovery of several sections of a trefoiled arcade of 14th-century date at Coverham abbey is a major addition to sculpture from the English Premonstratensian houses. Discovered in a robber trench whilst resurfacing a courtyard, they can be linked to a panel reused in the gable of the Georgian house. When reconstructed, they show a trefoiled arcade with sculpted spandrels in the form of human figures. Positive identification of the figures is difficult, and they could be of Christ or apostles. While the arcade looks to have been part of a cloister arcade, there is the possibility that it formed part of the abbey laver, flanking the refectory doorway.     

近代早期英国商人的婚姻取向及其影响

近代早期是英国由农本而重商的转型时期．商人日益成为社会经济舞台的重要角色。商人的社会地位和作用的变迁,不仅与其所处的时代和社会环境密切相关,而且与其婚姻取向以及由此而来的婚姻关系密不可分。商人阶层内部以及商人与其他社会阶层特别是贵族、乡绅之间的通婚,无论对商人个体抑或群体都具有重要意义。     

The Impact of Reformation on North-East England: A Preliminary Survey

Abstract

This enquiry looks at some of the ways in which the Reformation made itself felt in the north-eastern diocese of Durham. These are considered in relation to the rest of the kingdom and in the light of recent scholarship on the subject. It concentrates on the parish level, and in particular, on the survival of parochial traditions and rituals: practices that were often peculiar to the north-eastern parts. What emerges is that the process was complex and the experience varied, sometimes considerably, across the diocese. The study goes on to examine how the bishop of Durham and the urban oligarchy in Newcastle played significant, though never unchallenged, roles in the course of the Reformation in the north-eastern counties. The tentative conclusions drawn in this outline survey are intended to be amplified and expanded in a broader study of the impact of reformation on north-eastern England.