The 19th‐Century Akko 1 Shipwreck,Israel: hull‐construction report

The Akko 1 shipwreck was found in 4 m of water inside the ancient harbour of Akko, Israel, and was fully recorded under water. Several hull‐components were retrieved and documented on land, as well as all the finds. The results of the archaeological research and the study of the historical background suggest that the Akko 1 shipwreck is the remains of an eastern Mediterranean naval auxiliary brig, built at the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, and sailing under the Egyptian flag. The ship was apparently wrecked during the 1840 naval bombardment of Akko. © 2012 The Authors     

Archaeometallurgical study of the brass cases from the Akko 1 shipwreck

The Akko 1 shipwreck is the remains of an eastern Mediterranean brig built in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, discovered in Akko harbour, Israel. During the underwater excavations (2006–2008), 158 brass cases were found, mainly between midships and the aft extremity of the shipwreck. It is suggested that they were used for artillery quills. The aim of this investigation is to determine the composition, microstructure and properties of these brass cases in order to understand their manufacturing process and to propose their possible dating and manufacturing location, and to verify their use. An archaeometallurgical analysis of selected brass cases was performed, including optical microscopy, microhardness tests and SEM including EDS. The results show that the collection was made of brass containing about 30 wt% zinc. The uniform thickness and the microstructure of the cases indicate that all artifacts were basically produced of rolled sheets and the cases were hand-made using simple tools. The metallurgical investigation suggests that they were manufactured during the first half of the nineteenth century. Combined with the archaeological evidence and the historical background, this supports the assumption that Akko 1 was a naval auxiliary vessel which was in Akko harbour circa 1840.     

New insights regarding the Akko 1 shipwreck: a metallurgic and petrographic investigation of the cannonballs

The Akko 1 shipwreck constitutes the remains of a small Mediterranean naval vessel, discovered in Akko harbour, Israel, and excavated over three seasons between 2006 and 2008. Among the finds at the shipwreck site were eleven cannonballs. Two of them, a 9-pdr and a 24-pdr, were retrieved and studied using metallurgical and petrographic methods. The examination of the cast-iron was performed with optical microscopy, SEM–EDS, XRF and microhardness tests. The remains of the casting sand from within the voids in both cannonballs were studied by petrography. Combined with the archaeological evidence and the historical background, the metallurgical and petrographic testing may suggest that Akko 1 was a warship or an auxiliary naval vessel of similar size to, or slightly smaller than, sixth rate, and was in Akko harbour circa 1840.     

The Akko 1 Shipwreck, Israel: the First Two Seasons

The Akko 1 shipwreck was found in 4 m of water inside the ancient harbour of Akko (Acre), 250 m from the ancient wall, with its stern touching a submerged rampart. The dense framing-pattern and relatively thin planking, the extensive use of oak and the origin of the timber, suggest that this is the remains of a small armed ship or auxiliary vessel built in the Eastern Mediterranean. The ship has been provisionally dated to the late-18th or early-19th century, the late Ottoman period. The finds testify to its involvement in one of the naval campaigns at Akko.
© 2008 The Authors     

Akko 1 shipwreck: the effect of cannon fire on the wooden hull

The Akko 1 shipwreck was discovered inside the harbour of the old walled city of Akko (Acre, St. Jean d'Acre, Akka), Israel. The ship's hull was built mainly of oak, with closely-set framing timbers that created a solid side. The shipwreck was apparently a result of the naval bombardment of the town in 1840.     

斯里兰卡的冶铁考古

介绍了斯里兰卡20世纪80年代以来冶铁考古研究所取得的成就。古代斯里兰卡的铁产品主要是块炼铁和高碳钢,冶铁技术主要有阿腊口腊瓦瓦的自然通风竖炉和以季风为鼓风动力的撒马纳腊瓦瓦开放性矮炉两种,可能与缅甸的自然通风竖炉、日本的踏踏拉以及西非的多哥兰地区抽风式竖炉存在某些历史联系。     

“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船木材降解评价及硫铁化合物分析

含有硫和铁化合物的有机材质文物在海洋长期浸泡过程中会受到生物、化学等方面的侵蚀,发掘出水后从低氧的海洋环境到有氧的空气,这些化合物就会变得不稳定,可能会引发文物化学劣化,从而降低有机质文物的机械稳定性。目前世界上打捞出水的古代沉船大多为木质有机质材料,最著名的就是瑞典斯德哥尔摩的\"瓦萨(Vasa)\"号和英国朴次茅斯\"玛丽·玫瑰(Mary Rose)\"号沉船,船体木材由于积累了海洋中硫酸盐还原菌转化的还原硫化合物以及来自船体腐蚀铁螺栓的铁离子(Ⅱ)从而劣化。据研究,数吨的还原态硫化物聚集在瑞典Vasa号战舰船身的木材中,280吨的船体中大约有2吨的硫或硫酸存在。中国\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"南宋沉船船货有大量铁器,制造船只的过程中又嵌入了大量铁钉用于加固船体,这些铁质物出水前后都会对木质船体形成隐患。为了对\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"沉船进行保护,根据实际情况选择一批样品对船体现状进行科学评估,为下一步制定保护方案提供依据。通过对\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"船体选取一定数量的样品分析其含水率,并通过红外光谱仪(FTIR)、离子色谱仪(IC)、元素分析仪、等离子发射光谱仪(ICP)、X射线衍射仪(XRD),分别对木材样品的分子结构变化、化学组分、离子含量、物相构成等进行分析,评估其现状情况。通过分析,发现\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"松木构件与正常现代松木含水率相比普遍较高,平均含水率为447.9%,与泉州湾宋代海船船体木材300%的含水率、宁波\"小白礁Ⅰ号\"船体木材210%含水率相比,\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"船体构件降解比较严重。\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"饱水考古木材1% NaOH的抽取物含量远高于现代木材,总纤维素平均含量仅占现代木材的27%,说明纤维素和半纤维素已被严重降解;木质素含量有所增加,灰分平均含量为现代松木的68倍。从红外光谱看出,\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"考古木材与现代松木相比木材化学成分和结构发生了变化,半纤维素严重流失,纤维素分子链有部分降解,分子链结晶结构遭到破坏。\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"木材浸泡液中硫酸根离子浓度较高。ICP测试结果中铁离子含量很高,说明木材内无机化合物中主要含铁,结合浸泡液较高的硫酸根浓度说明船体内铁硫化合物还没有清除干净。XRD结果证实表明了铁硫化合物黄铁矿(FeS_2)以及针铁矿、硫酸盐的在船体中的存在。相比于其他文献,本研究的\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"沉船是目前热带地区出水的文物,高温高盐的热带气候下海洋出水含硫铁化合物的木质文物的保护及保存都是一个挑战,也是一个崭新的课题。通过对\"华光礁Ⅰ号\"沉船构件现状进行的科学评估,沉船保存情况不容乐观,木材糟朽程度和破坏程度均非常严重,这是文物保护工作者必须面临和解决的关键问题。     

广东汕头市“南澳I号”明代沉船木材的分析研究

为研究南澳I号明代船体木材的保存状况,选择对其部分木材S6隔舱板和尾舱板进行树种鉴定、含水率分析,并采用现代科学的分析手段对样品进行了形貌及化学组成等分析。研究表明:南澳I号S6隔舱板和尾舱板均为山茶科的荷木;目前其平均含水率为327.78%,而正常荷木的最大含水率只有68.26%;与正常木材的化学组分相比,综纤维素降低显著,而灰分、1%NaOH抽出物含量等都有一定程度提高;木材中溶出大量可溶盐,主要以Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl-、SO2-₄等离子为主,总体来看各类离子的含量较高,其中,SO2-₄含量最高。且含有较多硫铁化合物,主要成分为黄铁矿。总体分析表明,在海水中长期浸泡后,南澳I号木材中的纤维素等有机支撑体已经发生了严重降解,水和大量盐分充盈在细胞腔内,木船构件样品的基本密度显著降低。所以除了水浸泡除去可溶性盐之外,还要选择恰当的化学吸附剂对南澳I号木材进行脱硫工作。     

“小白礁Ⅰ号”沉船部分木质文物微生物病害观察与损伤评估

为掌握宁波\"小白礁Ⅰ号\"古沉船船体结构的状况,以及为该沉船的后续保护提供科学依据,本研究利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,在显微和亚显微水平上观察了该沉船部分木质文物的组织和细胞结构。观察分析发现,对该沉船木质文物有较大影响的微生物主要是侵蚀细菌(Erosion bacteria,EB)和钻管细菌(Tunneling bacteria,TB);借助文献提供的标准,评估了该沉船不同部位木质文物的结构现状及不同备检样品中的细菌的侵蚀程度。评价结果表明沉船木质文物的侵蚀情况从轻度到完全损坏程度不同。本研究也分析了导致木质文物损伤程度差异的原因,并根据分析结果就该沉船木质文物保护涉及的生物学问题提出了建议。     

“长江口二号”沉船出水青花瓷中的污染物研究

位于长江入海口的“长江口二号”清代沉船是中国目前发现的保存最为完整的古代木制沉船之一,已于2022年11月完成整体打捞。在进行水下考古调查时,沉船出水的部分青花瓷出现的病害现象引起了考古工作者的关注,特别是裂纹中黑色污染物及表面铁锈状污染物对文物的外观产生了很大影响。本工作选取了三件具有典型被污染特征的青花瓷标本作为代表,使用能量色散X射线荧光分析(EDXRF)、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、拉曼光谱分析(Raman)和扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)等方法,对污染物进行了研究,探讨了其形成原因以及环境的影响作用,并对其潜在危害进行了分析。研究表明,污染物主要以方解石、菱铁矿等碳酸盐以及铁的氧化物、氢氧化物和硫化物为主。长期处于河口淤泥中的还原性环境是导致菱铁矿和亚稳的铁硫化物形成的原因,船体中铁质构件腐蚀对局部环境的污染是重要的影响因素,这也反映出被污染的青花瓷所处位置和环境的特殊性。出水的部分青花瓷釉中裂纹的形态表明其形成是由物理撞击造成,而釉中硅灰石晶体的选择性腐蚀会导致腐蚀坑的形成,裂纹和腐蚀坑均为外部污染物进入釉层内部提供了通道,导致瓷器劣化。出水后...