浅谈山东龙山文化黑陶

<正>龙山文化泛指我国黄河中下游地区约新石器时代晚期的一类文化遗存,因首次发现于山东章丘龙山镇而得名,距今约4500至4000年。一般说来,龙山文化可分为山东龙山文化、庙底沟二期文化、河南龙山文化、陕西龙山文化、龙山文化陶寺等几种类型,其中以山东龙山文化类型最具代表性。龙山文化填补了仰韶文化和殷商之间的空白,是非常重要的发现。     

试论齐家文化与陕西龙山文化的关系

齐家文化与龙山文化都是黄河流域重要的原始文化遗存。但它们文化遗迹的分布地域不同,齐家文化主要分布在黄河流域上游,龙山文化则分布在黄河流域中下游的广大地区。龙山文化由于分布地区的广泛与各个地区文化特征的差别,我们又把龙山文化分为陕西龙山文化、河南龙山文化与山东龙山文化等等。这里所要讨论的龙山文化是指陕西龙山文化,即陕西"客省庄第二期文化"。     

二里头文化与夏纪年

本文拟用考古文化的~(14)C 年代数据与文献记载的夏代纪年相对照,从年代学的角度探讨二里头文化与夏文化的关系问题。一目前关于二里头文化与夏文化的关系主要有四种意见:豫西龙山文化晚期与二里头文化一至四期是夏代文化;二里头文化一至四期是夏代文化;豫西龙山文化晚期与二里头文化一二期是夏代文化,三四期是早     

河南民权县牛牧岗遗址发掘简报

2007年9~12月,郑州大学历史学院考古系等对牛牧岗遗址进行了发掘,发现了仰韶文化、龙山文化、下七垣文化、商文化以及东周、西汉等时期的遗存,其中以龙山文化遗存最为丰富。龙山文化遗存遗迹有房址、灰坑,遗物有陶器、石器、骨器、蚌器等。该遗址的发掘,为研究豫东地区古代历史文化提供了珍贵的实物资料。     

山西龙山时代考古遗存的类型与分期

一 引言 龙山文化最初得名于1930年发掘的山东历城县龙山镇城子崖遗址。从那时到现在,已过去了六十余年。在这期间,全国各地发现了许多具有黑陶特征的龙山文化时期的遗存。由于人们最初对龙山文化面貌的认识不足,在很长一段时期内将许多具有黑陶特征的文化遗存统统划入了龙山文化,因而使龙山文化概念的内涵大大外延,造成了龙山文化的复杂化。五十年代后,随着工作的进一步开展与认识的不断深化,人们渐渐注意到了不同地区之间的龙山时期的文化遗存有一定的区别。五十年代末,安志敏先生就指出,山东地区龙山文化有独自特征,应与中原地区各类龙山文化相区别,而称之为“典型龙山文化”或“山东龙山文化”。此后很多人都认识到了不能将所有具有黑陶特征的文化遗     

河南濮阳马庄遗址龙山文化遗存研究

马庄遗址龙山文化遗存可分为早、中、晚三期,年代大约在公元前2500—公元前1900年之间,属于后岗二期文化的范畴。与其他地区的后岗二期文化相比,马庄龙山文化遗存具有一些独特之处,如"吕"字形建筑、双人合葬墓等。马庄龙山文化遗存在发展过程中受到了周边文化的影响,墓葬中随葬猪下颌骨、手握獠牙的现象,以及鬶、鸟首形足鼎、蛋壳陶、子母口器等器物的发现,都是山东龙山文化对其影响的结果,而夹蚌陶器的发现,则明显受到了王油坊文化的影响。在受到周边文化影响的同时,马庄龙山文化遗存也将自身的一些文化因素传播到了周边地区。     

谈谈城子崖龙山文化城址及其有关问题(纪念城子崖龙山文化遗址发掘六十周年)

城子崖龙山文化遗址,位于今山东省章丘县龙山镇东的山城庄北面。它是1928年发现,1929年至1931年发掘的。发表有大型考古发掘报告《城子崖》专集。城子崖龙山文化遗址,不仅是我国发现最早的一处龙山文化遗址,而且也是闻名国内外的“龙山文化”的命名地。特别是在城子崖龙山文化遗址中,     

试论良渚文化与山东龙山文化的关系

良渚文化和龙山文化(特指山东龙山文化,下同)是我国东南沿海新石器时代两种重要的原始文化.分别分布在长江下游和黄河下游.本文拟对它们的相互关系做些探讨.一、良渚文化与龙山文化的时代早晚关系以前,考古学界把良渚文化划归龙山文化,还认为它是龙山文化向南发展达浙江的一支,年代比较迟.直到1959年才有良渚文化的命名.     

安徽当涂船里山遗址发掘简报

安徽当涂船里山遗址发现后良渚阶段至春秋时期地层堆积及柱洞、灰坑等遗迹,并出土铜器、陶器、原始瓷器、石器等重要遗物。根据地层、遗迹间的叠压关系以及出土遗物的情况,可将遗址分为三期:龙山文化晚期至夏初期、西周晚期和春秋早中期。其中龙山文化晚期至夏初期遗存较为丰富,为了解姑溪河流域后良渚阶段至夏时期该地区考古学文化提供了宝贵资料。     

山东东阿县古文化遗址调查

自1956年以来,东阿县境内共发现古文化遗址13处,发现有大汶口、龙山和岳石文化遗存。本文将几处古文化遗址的调查情况和部分遗址采集的文化遗物标本进行分述,以说明这一地区的龙山文化介于山东龙山文化和河南龙山文化之间,是一过渡地带或为二者的结合部,为探讨龙山时期本地区与周边地区的关系提供了实物资料。     

Ancient DNA insights from the Middle Neolithic in Germany

Genetic studies of Neolithic groups in central Europe have provided insights into the demographic processes that have occurred during the initial transition to agriculture as well as in later Neolithic contexts. While distinct genetic patterns between indigenous hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers in Europe have been observed, it is still under discussion how the genetic diversity changed during the 5,000-year span of the Neolithic period. In order to investigate genetic patterns after the earliest farming communities, we carried out an ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of 34 individuals from Wittmar, Germany representing three different Neolithic farming groups (ca. 5,200–4,300 cal bc) including Rössen societies. Ancient DNA analysis was successful for six individuals associated with the Middle Neolithic Rössen and observed haplotypes were assigned to mtDNA haplogroups H5, HV0, U5, and K. Our results offer perspectives on the genetic composition of individuals associated with the Rössen culture at Wittmar and permit insights into genetic landscapes in central Europe at a time when regional groups first emerged during the Middle Neolithic.     

Experiencing Texture and Transformation in the British Neolithic

The Neolithic period saw the introduction of new material culture into Britain, including monuments, pottery and polished stone axes. Over recent years, the uses and meanings of these objects and places have been considered in depth, with emphasis now firmly placed upon their social role and symbolic value. However, a growing interest in a multi–sensual archaeology has highlighted the paucity of information concerning the role of texture in the experience of Neolithic material culture. This paper will examine the evidence for the use of texture in the archaeological record. I will suggest that texture may have been a fundamental part of the experience of objects and monuments, and may have imparted meanings and messages to those who came into contact with them. In particular, the transformation of differing textures may have been a crucial metaphor in the Neolithic.     

The Age of Clay: The Social Dynamics of House Destruction

This study provides some fresh insight into Neolithic domestic architecture through the analysis of architectural technology and the control over the practice of house construction and destruction. Examined on a regional or local level, architecture of the Neolithic is often presented as a fairly homogenous social practice over the large area of Southeast Europe. In viewing the Neolithic houses as homogenous and uncontroversial material culture, archaeologists have overlooked not only the possible variation and multimeaning of the Neolithic houses but also their striking and extensive means of destruction. The role of house conflagration, a practice that lasted during the entire Neolithic of Southeast Europe, has not been addressed in archaeological investigations. Indeed the phenomenon of burned houses has been treated as a series of lucky accidents during the Neolithic, which are primarily responsible for the preservation of Neolithic sites. Contrary this view, I argue that it is unlikely that the houses were burned as a result of a series of accidents or for any structural and technological reasons but rather that they were destroyed by deliberate burning and most likely for reasons of a symbolic nature. The causes for the practice of house firing and house abandonment as observed through the architectural evidence at the site of Opovo are believed to have been related to the need for house replacement and securing its postutilitarian visibility in order to show social and material continuity of the Neolithic society. In my view, a struggle for social and material continuity might have been a leading mobilizing force in creating and maintaining social practices and beliefs in the Neolithic society.     

Ais Giorkis: An unusual early Neolithic settlement in Cyprus

Abstract

For over a century, archaeologists have been intrigued by the inception of food production and sedentary lifeways, the so-called “Neolithic Revolution.” Research focused on the Near Eastern and Anatolian mainlands has documented some of the earliest Neolithic cultures known. The adjacent Mediterranean islands were generally believed to have been late recipients of Neolithic economies. Recent research challenges this by establishing both Late Epipalaeolithic and early Neolithic occupations on Cyprus. Ais Giorkis contributes to this revision. It is an early Neolithic site (ca. 7500 cal b.c.) in the uplands, unlike most contemporary sites, which are near the coast. Ais Giorkis is more complex than originally believed, containing unusual architecture, abundant and sophisticated artifacts, and some of the oldest directly dated domesticated plants in the Near East. It also has a faunal assemblage that includes small numbers of cattle bones, previously undocumented before the Bronze Age, but now shown to be present at three early Neolithic sites.     

NEOLITHIC AXES FROM ROMAN SITES IN BRITAIN

Finds of Neolithic axes are usually regarded primarily as evidence for Neolithic occupation in the area of the findspot. Neolithic axes from Roman contexts are also usually regarded in this way, often being classed as residual material. However, a study of axes from Roman sites in Britain has shown that they may well have been deliberately collected, in the Roman period, for religious or superstitious reasons. Many have been found on sites of a religious nature (an aspect well documented for temple sites on the Continent) and the beliefs associated with such axes may have been widespread.     

关于新石器时代的三次“革命”

在新石器时代文化研究中,农业革命和城市革命的理论认识早就普遍接受。但把农业革命作为新石器时代革命的基本内容,仍不能充分解释旧石器时代向新石器时代的过渡问题。在农业革命之前,还应存在着以资源开发为目的、以居住方式变革为重要途径的居住革命,即发达的新石器时代文化曾经历过的三次革命性变化。     

Early farming in hordaland,western Norway. Problems and approaches in archaeology and pollen analysis

This article discusses the evidence of farming settlements in Neolithic times in the county of Hordaland, in western Norway, and possible ways for future research to establish the introduction of a farming economy, with its cultural and ecological implications.

Using distribution maps, Bakka demonstrates how the people of the mainly hunting and fishing sub‐Neolithic dwelling‐place culture of the Middle Neolithic period preferred a coastal area of habitation, while the find groups of Neolithic artifacts are generally to be found in those areas more suitable for farming. This change of habitat is interpreted as evidence of a general change in economic structure, with a greatly increased emphasis on agriculture.

Kaland discusses the Sub‐Boreal history of vegetation in Hordaland as revealed by pollen analysis. The earliest phase of agriculture in the pollen diagrams is dated in relation to the pollenanalytical leading horizons, the shore‐line displacement, radiocarbon measurements and the archaeological chronology. He puts forward the working hypothesis that in the sub‐Neolithic culture of the Middle Neolithic period some animal husbandry may have been practised in zone VIII b as a supplementary means of livelihood, and that this was followed by a phase of cereal growing in zone VIII c. The Late Neolithic culture appears to be responsible for this more intensive mixed farming, and this corresponds to the archaeological evidence of the introduction of cereal cultivation, which demands the better‐soils of the later farming land.     

Early Neolithic pig domestication at Jiahu,Henan Province,China: clues from molar shape analyses using geometric morphometric approaches

The zooarchaeology of pig domestication in China is a challenging task due to its wild boar ancestors being widespread throughout Eurasia. However using geometric morphometric approaches on molar tooth (M₂), shape and size variations, from modern and Neolithic suids, using Yangshao pigs as a surrogate for the Neolithic domestic form, we have addressed the identification of morphological change during the early step of domestication in three early Neolithic sites where claims of pig domestication have been made. Phenetic relationships here have revealed clear and interpretable phenotypic signatures in the samples of modern and Neolithic pigs; which provide evidence for pig domestication at the site of Jiahu from at least 6600 BC cal., re-establishing the Yellow River region as one of the earliest centre of independent Chinese pig domestication.     

HLO1‐south: An Early Neolithic site in Wadi al‐Hilo (Sharjah,UAE)

Site HLO1 (Sharjah, UAE), situated in a particularly favourable geographical position, has provided an extraordinary range of anthropogenic radiocarbon dates, spanning before 8000 to Zero BCE. The Neolithic is represented by finds from the eighth to the fifth millennium BCE. Apart from the dated fireplaces, however, there are almost no typical artefacts of this period. Small stone structures appear to have been early Neolithic graves. A middle Neolithic grave consisted of a large rounded stone heap which was reused as a grave during the Late Bronze Age. The site is interpreted as a campsite of nomadic herders, used throughout the Neolithic period. After a break in the fourth millennium BCE, the site became a Bronze Age smelting site which continued to be settled until the Late Iron Age.     

ANATOMY OF A TOMB-WEST KENNET REVISITED

Summary. The primary and secondary uses of the West Kennet long barrow are reconsidered. In the first phase, dating perhaps to a late period of the Earlier Neolithic, the monument was used for a variety of burial rites, including bone circulation. The patterned deposits may have belonged to a small social group, and detailed knowledge of the tomb contents may have been restricted to such a group. The secondary phase is seen as covering a long span of time from the end of the Earlier Neolithic to the developed stage of the Later Neolithic represented by Avebury and Silbury Hill. The secondary filling of the monument was both gradual and patterned, and the ritual involved may have been part of continued social competition in the area.