浅析中俄经贸关系发展

中俄两国是世界上的政治大国,两国的政治稳定和地理关系给两国的经济发展提供了有利条件。近年来,随着我国改革开放政策的进一步实施,外交上提出"睦邻、安邻和富邻"的外交政策,这给中俄经贸关系发展带来了机遇与挑战。本文回顾了新世纪以来中俄经贸发展的历程,指出发展过程中遇到的问题,探索了中俄经贸深化合作的有效途径。     

《晋书·地理志》县级封国考论

反映西晋前期政区全貌的《晋书·地理志》中记载了58个县级封国,包括公国、侯国两类。虽然西晋朝廷已设置公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵,但这些封国所对应的爵位,却是位在五等爵之下的一般县公、县侯。各家县公主要是由曹魏宗王降封而来。为县侯者,有功臣、敌国降将、曹魏宗室,还有不少是曹魏时即已受封而入晋后仍保留爵位者。     

读朱子彦教授的《汉魏禅代与三国政治》

<正>朱子彦教授新著《汉魏禅代与三国政治》(东方出版中心,2013年5月版)内容涵盖三国政治史的多个方面——包括王朝鼎革的形态、地理枢纽与军事集团、历史人物评价、政治集团斗争以及其他政治文化问题,视角独特,研究深入,观点新颖,堪称力作。书中对曹魏代汉及其正统化运作问题得出的研究见解尤为精当,称得上是发前人所罕发,令人耳目一新。王朝的正僭问题,即国家最高政治     

太平天国永安开国封王大揭秘（上）

太平天国永安开国、封王、建制,是波澜壮阔的太平天国运动发展进程中极为重要的一环,由此奠定了太平天国的政治基础、政权体制和权力运行格局。这场坚持14年、纵横18省、席卷大半个中国,对近代中国产生了深远影响的反帝反封建革命运动,不同时代、不同时期,评价不尽相同。而对于永安开国、封王、建制这一段历史,     

曹魏侍中与三省制

汉魏时期的侍中是皇帝的近幸之臣,其设置、地位、权限几经变化,最终演化成门下省的长官,成为实际执掌国家枢机的"宰相"。曹魏时期是侍中职权转变的关键阶段,特别是它以特殊的方式介入尚书、中书的权力范围,这是非常值得注意的历史现象。本文根据曹魏侍中的设置特点和权力变化,考察其与尚书、中书的密切关系,着重突出曹魏侍中在当时权力格局中的特殊地位。     

曹魏“改正朔、易服色”考

"改正朔、易服色"是中国古代一项重要的政治文化传统,曹魏的"改正朔、易服色"正是这一传统在汉晋之间发生变化的重要环节。魏文帝曹丕的"改正朔"不改历法而定服色、牺牲,奠定了由"禅让"所建的新王朝跟由"革命"所建的新王朝的不同的传统,即改历法与改服色可以不同步。此后,魏明帝"改正朔"恢复了历法和服色、牺牲同步改易的秦汉传统,这也是明帝加强中央集权的众多措施之一。魏晋禅代后晋袭用曹魏的正朔与服色,则奠定了中古"改正朔"的另一种更为现实的政治文化传统。以后的中古王朝"改正朔、易服色"只是限定在跟名分有关的领域内。     

从“海东盛国”到“辽东盛国”:隋唐至宋元地理观演变之一例

"海东盛国"本来是史籍中对渤海国的称呼,但元代修撰的《辽史》却将之改为"辽东盛国",这主要是由于"海东"作为地理名词的内涵,随着时代的不同发生了变化。这一字之差体现出从隋唐到宋元时期中原王朝对东北地区地理观的变化。     

中美地理学学术交流40周年纪念

我国"文革"十年政治运动刚刚结束的1977—1978年间,中美两国互派地理代表团,拉开了中美地理学家互访的大门,是我国改革开放之初国际学术交流的重大事件。这次的学术交流一直影响着中美两国地理学家相互交流访问的科技活动过程。今年正值中美两国地理学界学术交流40周年,我们深深感到历史上的"破冰之旅"有许许多多值得纪念之处,特别是新时代中国特色地理学蓬勃发展的时期,为此我们不惜笔墨,抒写以下心中的感悟与深思。     

曹魏时期“明于法理”的司法重臣高柔

正三国时期英雄辈出,但说起高柔,也许很多人并不熟悉。然而王夫之在《读通鉴论》中曾评价:"孟德智有所穷,则荀彧、郭嘉、荀攸、高柔之徒左右之,以算无遗策。"这里将高柔与荀彧、郭嘉、荀攸等曹魏著名的谋臣并列,可见高柔的地位并不一般。事实上,高柔历经了从曹操到曹奂六代曹魏掌权者的交接,可谓是见证了曹魏由盛转衰的全过程,以此将其和曹魏初期的著名谋臣并列亦不稀奇。不过,在笔者看来,高柔又与上述人     

边疆地理名称与晚清川藏边务——以“川边”、“西康”概念为考察中心

晚清是近代中国边疆政治地理发生巨大变动的转折时期。随着边疆危机日趋深重,晚清时人逐步意识到慎重命名地理名称的重要性。川藏交界区域地理名称的生成、运用,经历了"炉边"、"川疆"、"川边"等名称混用,以"川边"为过渡性名称,到弃用"川边"、强调"西康"名称的过程。地理名称的变更与晚清川藏边务密切相关,特别是对"边"、"藏"界域之争的有力回应。探讨边疆地理名称多歧性、竞争性,则是本文将历史地理学研究与概念史方法相结合的一种尝试。     

解构与重塑:司马懿历史形象再思考

王朝鼎革时期的开国之君多为具有"卡里斯玛"品质的人,司马懿虽受儒学之风的熏染,却具备"卡里斯玛"的气质,他的身上兼有狮子和狐狸两种习性。曹操去世后,谁来统一三国,历史最终选择了司马懿。司马父子最主要的功绩就是"除三国之大害,静汉末之交争",使天下归于一统。虽然司马父子是曹魏政权的掘墓人,但从汉魏时代民众的呼声,时代的主旋律来看,司马懿又是"曹操事业的继承人"。近来有人把曹魏灭亡的原因归诸司马懿长寿,但司马懿绝非是靠长寿代魏成晋的。     

建安文学史料丛札（三则）

本说明下列三事：一．孔融《与曹操论盛孝章书》论及的盛孝章,名宪,其人为台郎时曾与孔融结义为兄弟,后任吴郡太守,他在孙策时处境已很困难;后为孙权所杀,而此事后来成为曹操抨击孙权的一大罪状。二．刘桢在初平三年(192)已与曹操有所联系,正式依附曹操则当在建安初(196)建都于许昌之后,但长期未能得到重用。三．曹丕两次提到的南皮之游在建安十年(205)夏,参加尚有吴质、阮璃、曹休、曹真等人。     

Death on the Seine: The mystery of the pagan king Setric

In 943, a pagan king called Setric arrived with a fleet on the Seine, seeking to ‘take over the whole area without a grant from the king’ and to bring the young Richard and his Rouen Northmen back ‘to the worship of idols, and to bring back pagan rites’. But this was not to be because the young Carolingian king Louis IV d’Outremer was quickly on the scene and engaged Setric and his dux Turmod in battle. Louis’s mounted forces were victorious and both Setric and Turmod were killed. As the great French historian Philippe Lauer said: ‘La défaite du viking Setric et du renégat Turmod est un événement important dans l’histoire de l’établissement des Normands en Neustrie’. The mystery examined in this article is, who was this pagan king Setric (ON Sigtryggr) who had been sent to Valhalla? And where had he come from —York or Denmark? It is shown that whilst a Danish origin for King Setric cannot be completely excluded, the equation of a King Sihtric of York with King Setric on the Seine is more likely and is supported by a plethora of onomastic, chronological, numismatic and contextual evidence.     

蒙古豳王家族与元代西北边防

蒙古豳王家族崛起于13世纪后期,始祖为由西域东归投奔忽必烈汗的察合台系出伯、合班兄弟,于14世纪初期形成豳王、肃王、西宁王和威武西宁王四个乌鲁斯,分别驻牧于酒泉、瓜州、沙州和哈密。豳王家族据守西北一隅,有效地抵御了窝阔台后王海都和察合台后王都哇等西域反叛势力对西域东部及河西走廊的侵扰,使河西及西域东部地区免受战火的蹂躏。为了巩固西北边防,豳王家族采取了一系列措施,积极发展农业生产尤其是屯垦以保障供给,整饬驿站以疏通驿路,同时大力支持佛教,借以抵御伊斯兰教势力的东侵。这些措施有效地巩固了西北边防,从而确保了西北地区社会的相对稳定。     

上博七《君人者何必安哉》试释

《君人者何必安哉》一篇,为先秦标准的语录体文献,藉由范戊与楚昭王的对话,将所要表达的意思透露出来。范戊以王之白玉有三玷,受命为君王考察,考察完毕之后,再行禀告见视日(楚王)。王出而见之,并云,我则有白玉三玷而没有察觉到吗?本文考察此出土文献性质,可知这白玉有三玷,并非白玉真的有三玷,乃是范戊以玉之有三玷来暗喻王有三缺失,则知本篇所载内容,为春秋时代楚国的四朝老臣范戊对楚昭王的谲谏。     

三国时期墓葬特征述论

三国时期墓葬制度是从"汉制"向"晋制"的转变过渡时期。这一时期墓葬形制同东汉时期相比有较大的改变,突出表现在曹魏和东吴地区。随葬器物组合方面基本沿用东汉晚期,但又出现了一些新器型。此外各区域间的墓葬文化表现出频繁交流的特点。综合以上诸要素可知"晋制"的形成主要源自于中原地区的曹魏墓葬,突出表现在墓葬形制和葬俗方面,同时东吴墓葬中的随葬品种类亦被中原地区所接纳,成为西晋墓中典型的器物组合。     

Johannes Nkosi and the Communist Party of South Africa: Images of 'Blood River' and King Dingane in the Late 1920s–1930

In divided societies like South Africa, history, among other things,serves ideological purposes. The colonial encounter between King Dingane, the second Zulu king, who ruled from 1828 to 1840, and white settlers highlights this fact. The core of Afrikaner Nationalist historiography regarded the king as a treacherous, uncivilized barbarian. He was perceived to be an anti‐white demagogue who was beyond redemption. But elsewhere, African nationalists and workers viewed the king as one of the original freedom fighters who resisted thetyranny of the land‐grabbing white settlers and voortrekkers of the nineteenth century. Their interpretations of King Dingane's relationship with white settlers depict the latter as disrespectful imperialists and unscrupulous men, attempting to enrich themselves at the expense of the indigenous population. Accordingly, their interpretation of this encounter revolves around the land question in South Africa. This article discusses a case study regarding these issues. It is about the challenge mounted by African workers in the late 1920s and 1930 against the official celebration of December 16. This celebration honored the victory of the voortrekkers at the so‐called battle of ‘Blood River’ on December 16, 1838—hence the public holiday was once referred to as ‘Dingaan's Day.’ As a counter‐commemoration of this day, African workers regarded the official celebrations as symbolizing the loss of their land and the passing of their freedom. As a result African workers aligned with the Communist Party of South Africa, and through the leadership skills of Johannes Nkosi, mounted vigorous protests and challenges against these celebrations by white South Africans. They staged protest marches and defiant anti‐pass campaigns that emphasized the centrality of the land question in South Africa. They also paid tribute to their past, include King Dingane. Through their actions they imbued conscience in African workers throughout the country, hence the response of the state was brutal and culminated with the death of Johannes Nkosi in 1930.     

曹操墓出土“常所用”兵器考

曹操墓出土牌铭"魏武王常所用"兵器,分别为戟、矛、刀、椎四种,由导从及长短兵器,形成一套最简单的组合,执行"警跸侍卫如常仪"的基本功能,属于天子仪卫。例如"交戟",只有皇帝才能使用。曹操生前获得享用天子仪卫的资格。这套仪具既体现了曹操的薄葬主张,同时也是墓主身份地位和墓葬等级的重要标志。     

曹操与曹操墓

2008年,对河南省安阳县安丰乡西高穴村东汉大墓的抢救性发掘,证实了位于村西南的东汉大墓就是魏武王曹操的墓:西高穴村汉墓的地望与文献对曹操墓的记载一致,墓中的随葬品符合曹操的薄葬思想,而且墓中还出土了多件刻有"魏武王"字样的石牌。墓中有一男二女的遗骨,其中随葬的老年妇女不是卞后而是曹操的嫡妻丁夫人。曹操墓的发现证实了曹操生前节俭,死后薄葬的事实,反映了当时俭朴廉洁的社会风气及尚武之风,也有利于正面认识和评价曹操的历史功绩。     

Richard of Cornwall's candidature for the German throne and the christmas 1256 parliament at Westminster

Some months after the death of the German king William of Holland in 1256, Richard of Cornwall, with obvious help from King Henry III (but not initially with the support of the pope), decided to enter the contest for the German throne. His methods, including the use of his funds on a large scale, are well known, but Richard and Henry also contrived to deceive the English magnates about their plans. They told the barons at a meeting at the end of the year 1256 that Richard had already been elected king (which was manifestly untrue) and that only their consent was missing. This was a device to foil the expected resistance by the magnates, who were already opposing Henry's increasingly costly Sicilian adventure.