单名与双名:汉晋南方人名的变迁及其意义

东汉人名呈现出明显的分层,上层人名是单名,底层人名单名、双名并存。这种情况亦存在于南方的巴蜀、吴越地区。在这种背景下观察,长沙走马楼吴简整齐的单名引人瞩目。楚秦至西汉前期,楚地编户民同样单名、双名并存,且具有显著的俚俗色彩。走马楼吴简整齐单名的形成,应是东汉时期长沙等郡大规模编户化过程中新附人口户籍登录整齐化的结果。东晋以后,受到民间口语习惯和信仰心理的影响,南方上层带有"之"、"道"等虚字的双名逐渐兴起。单名惯例一旦突破,双名命名方式会进一步发展,最显著的是双名的"字化"。在此过程中,一些体现上层理念的双名用字反过来又影响到底层人名。汉晋时期南方人名中单名、双名变化的背后,是华夏文化对南方社会的持续影响。     

娄元礼《田家五行》中的气象智慧

《田家五行》是由元末明初人娄元礼编撰的一部关于我国古代太湖流域的劳动人民看天识天气的著作,书中大多以农谚的形式表达,内容丰富,很多内容用现代气象学知识来验证仍然是正确的,反映了我国古代气象科学的辉煌成就。     

《嘉禾吏民田家莂》释文注释的数值问题

通过对《长沙走马楼三国吴简·嘉禾吏民田家莂》图版、释文的认真校核,共发现释文注释的数值问题36处,大致可分为两类:一是原简数值错误当注而未注,计32条;二是原简数值错误、注释亦误,计4条.     

关于《嘉禾吏民田家莂》中“州吏”问题的剖析——兼论嘉禾五年改革及其效果

《嘉禾四年吏民田家莂》中的内容反映出嘉禾四年吏民田家莉中的“州吏”具有不同于其他租田的五大特征,在与五年田家莂的比较中,“州吏”的情况发生了许多变化,即“州吏”在嘉禾四年为特殊租田的优异身份在五年消失了,而与其他租田趋于同化。嘉禾五年“库吏”、“仓吏”人数的增加反映出嘉禾五年有加强仓库管理的举措。嘉禾五年的改革,使租佃制度得到发展,租佃土地的地区扩大、租佃数量增加、仓库的管理也大为加强,田家莂书写的错误率大大降低了。     

孙吴“嘉禾吏民田家莂”中的几个问题

1996年 7月至 12月 ,湖南长沙市走马楼街发掘出一批三国孙吴纪年简牍 ,内容涉及政治、经济、社会诸多方面 ,是研究孙吴历史的第一手材料。本文对孙吴“嘉禾吏民田家”的性质及其中所见亩制、亩产量、租税征纳制度等问题作了初步探讨。     

烝姓的源流--读《嘉禾吏民田家莂》劄记

自从(湖南)<长沙走马楼三国吴简·嘉禾吏民田家莂>问世以来,有的研究者已经就当时吏民定名的若干规律有所讨论.①走马楼简涉及姓名的资料确实可以提供理解当时社会的重要信息,而其中有的宗姓历史文化特征尤其值得我们注意,例如蒸姓.     

吴简《嘉禾吏民田家莂》“二年常限”解

厘清吴简《嘉禾吏民田家》中常见“二年常限”的确切含义 ,是理解吴国吏民租佃土地性质的关键。“常限”应作“一定标准”解 ,“年”应作“熟稔”解。根据六朝及唐后期的“二稔职田”所涉及的水稻耕作方式特点 ,所谓“二年常限” ,实为官府根据当时普遍实行的各种形式的轮休耕作制而制定的一种按照二年一垦的标准收取官租的规定     

烝姓的源流——读《嘉禾吏民田家莂》札记

自从(湖南)《长沙走马楼三国吴简·嘉禾吏民田家莂》问世以来,有的研究者已经就当时吏民定名的若干规律有所讨论。走马楼简涉及姓名的资料确实可以提供理解当时社会的重要信息,而其中有的宗姓历史文化特征尤其值得我们注意,例如烝姓。     

试论田家坨子遗存有关问题

田家坨子屯位于第二松花江南岸沙丘上,现属农安县小城子乡李林通村。1958年吉林大学历史系部分师生首次在这里发现了一种古代文化遗存,1974年该校考古专业师生又对这一遗址进行了试掘,以后,长春市、农安县的文物考古工作者多次对该遗存做了调查。下面仅依据这些试掘和调查的材料,对田家坨子遗存初步讨论如下。     

《嘉禾吏民田家莂》中的“斛加五升”

《嘉禾四年吏民田家莂解题》提出,有些余力田和余力火种田的租米要“斛加五升”,有些州吏和复民租、税米的总量执行“斛加五升”。实际上,只是余力火种田的租米“斛加五升”,复民缴租米的总量执行“斛加五升”,其他土地名称的租（税）米及租佃者虽然存在一些多缴多收的现象,并不是用“斛加五升”可以解释得了的,充其量仅是可疑而已。     

战国楚简公文书人名记写形式论议——兼与秦简记名的比较

战国楚、秦简公文书在人名记写上都表现出某些一般性的规律。《包山楚简》公文书人名记写包括某地之人+姓名、某人之人+姓名、某官+姓名、某族+名、某人之子+名、某人之奴、某王之+名、某客+姓名、单称官职、单称封号诸种形式。不同的记名方式区分了个体,同时进行了社会分类。楚简公文人名记写有省略情形,包括省略属地信息、省略姓氏、案件审理者自署名的省略和无规律省略。楚简中还有提示人名的符号。楚简公文记名对多数人都记姓和名,秦简则多记名而不称姓,只在特殊情况下另外加姓作为补充。楚简人名记写习惯可能承自周人制度,与秦简相比,更有利于达到识别个体的目的,以及保证公文作为行政工具的效率。     

The Naming of Waterfalls

As features of the landscape, waterfalls have been studied extensively by geographers, but the names given to these landforms have received relatively little scholarly attention. This paper examines the naming of waterfalls and addresses the question of classifying these hydronyms. The subject is considered in a global historical context, focusing on place names in the anglophone world. Until the 18th and 19th centuries, relatively few waterfalls were named. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, water power rose in economic importance, and at the same time, there was a growing scientific and aesthetic engagement with the landscape. These developments are suggested as reasons for the increased interest in waterfalls which were then being recorded in topographical literature and on maps, individual names being given to increasing numbers of falls. European exploration added to the knowledge of the world's waterfalls, many of which were given names by their ‘discoverers’. This naming process accelerated with the growth of domestic and overseas tourism which exploited scenic resources such as waterfalls. Until now, research on the names of waterfalls has been fragmentary, and the classification of these hydronyms has been neglected. This paper demonstrates that waterfall names can be classified in accordance with a recognised toponymic typology. Using examples drawn from waterfall guidebooks, databases, maps, and other sources, the following discussion supports George Stewart's claim that his toponymic classification is valid for place names of all kinds.     

Fragments from many pasts: layering the toponymic tapestry of Milan

In the recent literature on the cultural politics of naming, toponyms and street names are increasingly read within the wider social–historical context upon which naming is contingent. In this perspective, naming is often seen as an act of power and a way to inscribe an ideological discourse into the landscape. In this article, we analyze the street names currently inscribed in the historical center of the Italian city of Milan, Italy as a reflection of its long and contested social and political history. Fragments of all the different toponymic regimes and hegemonic discourses that took over one after the other over time have remained inscribed in Milan’s street network, originating a complex tapestry in which different pasts revive and conflicting ideologies co-exist. In this context, we examine the role Geographical Information Science (GIScience) methods and technologies play in quantifying, revealing, and visualizing the spatial patterns of downtown Milan’s toponymic texture at the urban scale and at the scale of the six historical neighborhoods.     

关中平原历史地名演变中的文化政治格局——基于批判地名学的研究

基于GIS技术，分析从夏到明清，关中平原历史地名空间格局和命名方式的演变规律。从景观表征和布尔迪厄符号权利视角，借鉴批判地名学研究理论，揭示关中平原历史地名空间格局和命名方式演变过程中的文化政治格局。研究发现：①作为关中平原历史地名空间置换的高密度区域，以西安—咸阳为核心的政治中心区，以及以潼关、陈仓（今宝鸡）为核心的军事中心区构成了政治权利空间斗争的中心；而零星分布于外围的自然景观类地名集中区则体现出其作为政治权利空间斗争边缘区的历史稳定性。②统治阶层和群众围绕宫殿陵寝、官宦氏族、人物姓氏、意愿祈福及祭祀庙宇类地名展开命名博弈，各阶层均希望借助地名这一社会文化符号表达“自我”价值和愿望。③关中平原历史地名具有鲜明的时代特征，地名的命名与变更整体上呈现出去阶层意识形态、关注民生文化的特征。     

Naming,dedicating: street names and tradition

Naming is always dedicating, that is to say offering to the ancestors, inserting the person or the named object in a lineage of some sort. Only street names will be considered here because they have two characteristics of sociological relevance: they are chosen and they pertain to a social group in relation to which they are supposed to express some deep and ancient value. They can be studied from two different perspectives: the kind of action that is the naming of a street and the fact that street names express something of the social reality. Or, in other words, if naming is dedicating, when and how is it possible to shift from one tradition (to which the name refers) to another? A further question could be if street names express something of the social reality, does it imply that different types of social stratification are linked to different types of street names? Both questions will be examined here in reference to two different situations—Paris, France and Évora, Portugal.     

The genealogy of personal names: towards a more productive method in historical onomastics

It is essential to combine genealogical and collective biographical approaches with network analysis if one wants to take full advantage of the evidence provided by (hereditary) personal names in historical and linguistic onomastic research. The naming practices of rural families and clans from the 18th to the 20th century can bring us much fresh information about their enduring attitudes and values, as well as about other mentalities of everyday life. Personal names were cultural symbols that contained socially shared meanings. With the help of genealogical method it is possible to obtain a more nuanced understanding of these past naming practices, for example by comparing the conventions of different communities. A long-term and systematic empirical research also enables us to dispute certain earlier assumptions that have been taken for granted in historical onomastics. Therefore, the genealogical method is crucial in studying the criteria for the choices of personal names in the past.     

Tewa Place Names for Early Habitation Sites in the Northern Rio Grande Valley,New Mexico

Place names have the potential to aid in the investigation of regional settlement histories because they reflect the importance of specific locations in the social or cultural memories of indigenous groups. Unique place names for ancient habitation sites such as villages or hamlets, i.e., those names for which there are no cognates in other languages, suggest that those ancient villages or hamlets still retain the names given to them by their original inhabitants. Here, we present Tewa place names for habitation sites identified archaeologically in the northern Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. The results of our study strongly suggest that the Tewa language was spoken in the northern Rio Grande Valley, specifically, within the southern Tewa Basin, as early as the Late Developmental period (a.d. 900–1200), thus challenging the currently well-accepted model postulating a Mesa Verde origin for the Tewa language and culture.     

DETECTION OF LOCAL INTERACTIONS FROM THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF NAMES IN FRANCE*

ABSTRACT Using data on the geographic distribution of names in France, we investigate the social transmission of parental preferences. Drawing on recent work on nonmarket interactions, we develop a linear discrete choice model that relates choices made in one location to those made in nearby areas. We explain the shares of parents that give their children Saint, Arabic, and American‐type names. We also examine the effect of distance between locations on differences in naming patterns. We find that the importance of geographic distance is declining over time while differences in class and national origins have increasing explanatory power.