The generation game: Universality or difference in interpretations of feminisms

Waelti‐Walters, J. and Hause, S.C., Feminisms of the Belle Epoque: A Historical and Literary Anthology (University of Nebrasaka Press, 1994), 338pp., £40 hbk, £15.99 pbk, ISBN 0 8032 9748 3

Moses, G. and Rabine, L.W., Feminism, Socialism, and French Romanticism (Indiana University Press, 1993), 372pp., £35 hbk., £15.99 pbk., ISBN 0 253 20818 1     

New methods of power generation

Abstract

Future uses of fossil fuels (particularly natural gas), nuclear power, and renewable sources of energy such as hydroelectric and biomass, as well as solar and wind power, are reviewed. Looking further into the future, ocean power sources and possibilities for gravitational energy are identified.     

第三代领导集体对党的执政能力建设思想的重大贡献

加强党的执政能力建设．是事关党和国家长治久安的带有全局性、根本性和长期性的重大课题。党的第三代领导集体在创造性地实施党的建设新的伟大工程的实践中．对执政能力建设问题进行了锲而不舍的探索。认真研完第三代领导集体对党的执政能力建设思想的重大贡献．对于我们进一步贯彻落实“三个代表”重要思想,从根本上加强执政党能力建设,巩固党的执政地位,具有十分重大的意义。     

The second generation of human security: lessons from the UN and EU experience

The concept of human security, while much contested in both academic and policy debates, and highly fragmented across different meanings and forms of implementation, offers a potential locus around which global security discourse might converge, particularly in light of current shifts in US security thinking. However, key pioneers of human security, such as the United Nations and Canada, appear to be losing their enthusiasm for the concept, just at the moment when others such as the European Union, are advancing a human security agenda. This article examines the divergence of human security narratives between the UN and the EU. It argues that the UN's use of the concept ran aground owing to a triple problematic of lack of clarity, confusion between previously distinct policy streams on human rights and human development and conceptual overstretch. After assessing the EU experience with the concept to date, the article argues that future use of human security will require greater focus on how it deepens ideas of individual security, rather than treating it as an agenda for broadening security. As well as a need to project clarity on the conceptual definition of human security, there is also a need to associate human security with greater clarity of intent. If successful, this would contribute to establishing second generation human security as a new policy paradigm.     

关于中国资产阶级的产生与形成

文章主要从马克思主义的历史唯物论和中国近代的历史事实论证了中国资产阶级是和工人阶级同时产生的,以及资产阶级的形成过程.文章首先从历史唯物主义理论论证了工人阶级和资产阶级是同一对矛盾中的对立统一关系,是从小生产者的分化中同时产生的,不分先后.接着从中国历史事实指出:中国最早的工人阶级虽然受雇于外国资本家,但不是由外国资本家直接雇佣的,而是通过中国买办雇佣并由买办直接管理的,买办与外国资本家结合在一起,对中国工人实施剥削.因此中国买办就是资产阶级,故与工人阶级同时期产生.文章最后阐述了资产阶级的成长壮大过程:1869年以后一些地主、官僚、富商投资民营企业和洋务派的民用企业,使资产阶级队伍有所壮大.随着戊戌维新的开展和辛亥革命派的形成,标志着资产阶级上层和中下层已相继觉醒,登上政治舞台,逐步成为自为的阶级.     

The new killer drones: understanding the strategic implications of next‐generation unmanned combat aerial vehicles

The expansive use of armed unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV), or ‘drones’, by the United States over the past decade has occurred within a particular strategic context characterized by irregular warfare operations in permissive environments. Ongoing strategic, ethical and moral debates regarding specific uses of drones may well be overtaken by a new generation of armed combat drones able to survive and operate in contested airspace with design elements such as stealth and greater levels of machine autonomy. These design parameters, and the likely strategic context within which second generation UCAVs will be deployed, suggest a fundamentally different set of missions from those performed by the current generation of drones. The most beneficial characteristic of current unmanned systems has been the ability to combine persistent surveillance with the delivery of small precision‐guided munitions. With a shift to more contested environments, this type of armed surveillance mission may become less practical and second generation UCAVs will instead focus on high intensity warfare operations. These new systems may have significant implications for deterrence, force doctrine and the conduct of warfare.     

Next generation sequencing of DNA in 3300-year-old charred cereal grains

We investigated whether ‘next generation’ methods can be used to sequence ancient DNA molecules in charred cereal grains. We prepared a DNA extract from a mixed sample of barley, einkorn, emmer and broomcorn millet, taken from a 3300-year-old assemblage of charred cereal grains from Assiros Toumba, Greece. Using the SOLiD 5500 system, we obtained 21,112,844 unique sequence reads. Of these, 178,779 had a 75% or greater nucleotide sequence similarity with one or more entries in the full nucleotide sequence database; 496 of these matches were to previously reported sequences from barley, einkorn, emmer, broomcorn millet or related species such as hexaploid wheat. The unique reads were also compared with a database comprising only wheat sequences. This analysis identified 1658 charred grain sequences that had 90% or greater similarity with segments of the wheat genome. The presence of barley, wheat and millet sequences in the next generation dataset confirms the presence of ancient DNA in this charred grain assemblage. Enrichment of extracts by hybridization capture or equivalent methods is likely to enable sequences to be obtained for entire genes and other genomic regions of interest.     

两代“西平郡王”与败落的曹雪芹家族

红楼梦中曾提到“西宁郡王”与荣宁二府有联系。本文认为这正是清代现实生活中西平郡王与曹雪芹家族密切联系的写照。现实生活中多罗平郡王纳尔苏是曹寅三女婿．因“在西宁军前贪婪受贿”被革职,其长子福彭承袭王爵。福彭仍然与没落的曹家有联系。     

Modeling CO2 generation,migration, and titration in sedimentary basins

High mole fraction CO₂ gases pose a significant risk to hydrocarbon exploration in some areas. The generation and movement of CO₂ are also of scientific interest, particularly because CO₂ is an important greenhouse gas. We have developed a model of CO₂ generation, migration, and titration in basins in which a high mole fraction CO₂ gas is generated by the breakdown of siderite (FeCO₃) and magnesite (MgCO₃) where parts of the basin are being heated above approximately 330°C. The CO₂ reacts with Fe‐, Mg‐, and Ca‐silicates as it migrates upward and away from the generation zone (CO₂‐kitchen). Near the kitchen, where the Fe‐, Mg‐, and Ca‐silicates have been titrated and destroyed by previous packets of migrating CO₂, gas moves upward without lowering its CO₂ mole fraction. Further on, where Fe‐ and Mg‐silicates are still present but Ca‐silicates are absent in the sediments, the partial pressure of CO₂ is constrained to 0.1–30 bars and reservoirs contain a few mole percent CO₂ as described by Smith & Ehrenberg (1989) . Still further from the source, where Ca‐silicates have not been titrated, partial pressure of CO₂ in migrating methane gas are orders of magnitude lower. A 2D numerical model of CO₂ generation, migration, and titration quantifies these buffer relations and makes predictions of CO₂ risk in the South China Sea that are compatible with exploration experience. Reactive CO₂ transport models of the kind described could prove useful in determining how gases migrate in faulted sedimentary basins.     

Language,tradition, and the self in the generation of meaning

An analysis of Mark Bevir's account of the role of language and tradition on the one hand, and the individual on the other in the generation of ideas, and proposal of an alternative account It endorses Bevir's project of finding a middle way between individualism and collectivism, but finds that Bevir exaggerates the role of the individual. It argues that human selves always remains dependent on language even to articulate their own intentions to themselves. Whilst they have a capacity to create new linguistic expressions, this is always limited to the exploration of possibilities already latent in the language. However, no one is a mere recipient and conduit of a given language: everyone hands it on transformed by their unique appropriation of it. The antifoundationalist analyses of Wittgenstein, Newman Collingwood, and Neurath are invoked to argue that this state of affairs also applies to the individual's relation to the beliefs and values inherited traditionally: there is no possibility of a wholesale rejection of what is received; no individual can reject all received traditions, and erect an entire belief structure from scratch, but can only modify it on a piecemeal basis, so that received tradition always remains constitutive of the individual mind. It is also argued that human self-consciousness is always socially formed, and no person ever completely integrated, and stabilized. No one is ever therefore in a state of complete self-possession. One therefore must reject Bevir's claim that the historian of ideas must initially presume that individuals are sincere, conscious and rational in their expressed beliefs: ‘sincere’ self-consciousness is an ideal never fully achieved, and beliefs as to what constitutes ‘rationality’ are so varied that specific presumptions cannot be made.     

Progress before modernization: Foreign interpretations of American development in James Bryce's generation

This essay considers how observers from various national backgrounds explained the late nineteenth‐century United States as a developing nation. Outsiders often portrayed American industrialization, urbanization, corporate capitalism, and similar modernizing trends as manifestations of transnational forces that would eventually reshape their own countries, but they also stressed ways that American development diverged from what was taking place at home. The evolutionary mindset that infused many of these writers ‐ law professor and politician James Bryce being a noteworthy example ‐ encouraged them to view the ‘progress’ of the United States as a product of Darwinian adaptation and variation. The enormous territory and resources held by the United States supposedly rewarded and reinforced the aggressive, enterprising qualities of Anglo‐American culture, which facilitated emergence of a distinctive American civilization. Racial thinking thus pervades these accounts. Nevertheless, they draw attention to ways that environment, resources, and regional dynamics ‐ factors often overlooked in the modernization framework normally applied by historians to this so‐called Gilded Age ‐ drove and molded American development.