汝官瓷和钧官瓷主量化学组成的多元统计分析

为了研究多种釉色汝官瓷和钧官瓷的原料来源、成分和分类关系,正确鉴别两窑瓷器,应用质子激发X荧光分析(PIXE)技术测定了一组清凉寺窑汝官瓷片和一组钧台窑钧官瓷片的主量化学组成,应用多元统计分析方法对测试数据进行了分析,结果表明:多数汝官瓷胎、钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地和成分接近但有所不同;汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉的原料产地和配方则明显不同;从主量化学组成上可以较好地区分汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉样品。分析结果可为深入研究汝官瓷和钩官瓷的原料产地、起源关系、真伪鉴别和提高仿古瓷器的质量等方面提供可借鉴的科学依据。     

Black-on-red ware in the levant: A neutron activation analysis study

Black-on-red ware was widely used throughout the Eastern Mediterranean between about the 11th and 8th centuries BC. Its origins have been much discussed: its ubiquitous appearance throughout the region could be a result of either several manufacturing regions or a single place of manufacture associated with considerable trading in the ware.In the present study, neutron activation analysis has been carried out for 15 chemical elements in 58 specimens of black-on-red ware from Cyprus (11), Syria (26) and Palestine (21). The analytical results clearly separate the ware into three major groups, corresponding to origins in Palestine, Syria and Cyprus. The hypothesis of a single source of the ware is therefore not tenable. All 14 of the Syrian finds of the single-handled neck ridge juglet are closely grouped with the Cyprus samples, indicating extensive trade in this vessel from Cyprus to Syria. The Palestine samples clearly separate into two sub-groups. Arguments are presented suggesting that this indicates the ware from the two sub-groups was made at different times. The Cyprus group provides tentative evidence of several sites of manufacture on the island.     

秦代无长沙、黔中二郡略论——兼与陈伟、王焕林先生商榷

传统观点认为约今湖南范围在秦代存在着长沙、黔中二郡,里耶秦简的出土,证实存在的是洞庭、苍梧二郡。本文对此进行了探索,并就洞庭郡与后世史家所持的长沙、黔中二郡的关系以及洞庭郡郡治所在,同陈伟先生、王焕林先生商榷。     

汝窑、耀州窑“天青釉”的色度对比分析

天青釉是中国古代珍贵的单色釉品种,一般认为其始于传说中的柴窑,而最早的天青釉实物则显现于汝窑。于是,有学者认为天青釉唯柴窑、汝窑所特有。然而近年来,又有学者指出天青釉实非柴窑与汝窑的“专利”,最早的天青釉应发轫于五代时期的耀州窑。本研究将五代二期的耀州窑与汝窑所谓的“天青釉”进行分类,再测定它们的色度,确定“天青釉”的色度数值和相应的天青釉样品,进而明确天青釉的窑口及其起源时间。     

Classical and Hellenistic black glaze ware in the Mediterranean: A study by epithermal neutron activation analysis

Fifteen chemical elements have been measured quantitatively by epithermal neutron activation analysis in 58 sherds of black glaze pottery found in Carthage/Tunis (23 sherds), the Athenian Agora (9 sherds), Sicily (7 sherds), and several sites in Southern Italy (19 sherds). Detailed statistical analysis of the results clearly distinguishes five separate groups: (a) one of local Carthage/Tunis origin; (b) one of probable Sicilian origin; (c) a large group of Attic origin comprising sherds found at the Athenian Agora and at Carthage/Tunis; and (d) two separate groups from S Italy.     

云南剑川海门口遗址饱水古木降解的微观构造分析

文中采用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对海门口遗址饱水古木进行降解机理分析。结果表明:古木细胞次生壁收缩严重并与胞间层分离;胞间层保存较完好,呈连续网状。说明古木纤维素和半纤维素降解相对严重,木质素降解相对较轻。古木主要是受细菌降解,通过SEM和TEM均可见明显的细菌腐朽特征。细菌首先侵入细胞腔,再通过S3层侵入细胞壁内部。细胞壁内由于降解而产生的空隙在几十到几百纳米之间。饱水古木也受到了一定程度的真菌降解,但这类真菌主要降解古木内淀粉等物质,对细胞壁物质降解能力差,主要是使古木变色。     

An archaeometric study of the Konya basin metallic ware through FTIR and XRD analysis with chemometrics: Central Anatolian Early Bronze Age ceramics

Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and chemometrics were used to characterize the mineralogical composition and firing conditions of 59 Early Bronze Age ceramic sherds from the Konya Plain (Turkey). These include the Konya Basin Metallic Ware (KBMW) and a control group of contemporary local products. The analysis indicates significant differences in mineral inclusions and firing temperatures, with KBMW generally being fired above 800°C and characterized by standardized fabric recipes. Assessed together with other published evidence, these results indicate a high degree of specialization in the production of KBMW ceramic assemblages in central Anatolia during the third millennium BCE.     

Folk beliefs,special deposits,and engagement with the environment in early modern northern Finland

It is widely recognized that folk beliefs flourished in early modern Finland which had formally been Christianized for centuries. These folk beliefs seem to propose, in the modern view, that people in the past believed in the existence of non-human beings, such as trolls and spirits, and considered a variety of material things from artefacts to landscape elements to have special properties, such as agency, consciousness, and personality. Folk beliefs, however, may have been misrepresented due to the assumption that they originate in religious-like thinking. This paper reconsiders the nature of folk beliefs, their relationship with religion, and their significance to archaeological interpretation both theoretically and through a case study. It is argued that folk beliefs in early modern northern Finland – and in other similar contexts – can be understood in terms of local perception and engagement with the material world. Folk beliefs, in this view, were embedded in the dynamics of everyday life, and they are, at least in the specific case discussed in this paper, indicative of two-way relatedness between people and various constituents of the material world. The archaeological implications of this view are discussed in the context of the 17th-century town of Tornio on the northern Gulf of Bothnia.     

测量脆弱漆膜强度的夹具的研制及其在漆器修复中的应用

为了评价漆器修复过程中的回软程度,自行研制了一种能够表征面积微小、形态不规则的脆弱漆膜强度的夹具。该夹具与万能材料试验机配合使用,可对漆膜回软前后的强度进行定量测试。实验结果表明,陕西兴平墓葬出土的一明代漆棺残片,经聚乙二醇水溶液回软处理后,膜强度得到了明显提高,回软修复效果良好,该工作对亚浸水类型漆器文物的回软修复、保护具有科学指导意义。     

真品与高仿、粗仿青花瓷热释光及成分分析对比实验

为了防止有人以假乱真,扰乱古董市场的健康发展,为此通过三种青花瓷碎片(真品、高仿、粗仿)的热释光及微探针型X荧光分析对比,找出三者的不同。结果表明,热释光法可以直接给出真伪。从X荧光得到成分来对比此三种瓷片的异同结果,建议用瓷胎的多个主、微量元素一起来分析对比,才易于得到正确的结论。     

北京近代建筑砖石墙体的病害分析

为了尽量减少在修复工作时对历史建筑造成不可预估的破坏,修复前对建筑的病害分析是必不可少的。本文以北京近代建筑砖石墙面为研究对象,针对近代建筑的砖石墙面病害进行了调查研究,结合每类建筑病害特征,对其病害成因进行了简要分析,即病害分析。研究砖石墙面的病害成因,对寻求适宜的砌体病害保护修复方法有着重要的意义。     

近代天津城市边缘区的形成及其结构特征

During the first half of the 20^th century, when China experienced a new tide of urbanization, a tendency appeared, in which the upper strata moved to the urban center and the lower strata distributed over the marginal area, where poor people formed a new community. This marginal community bore distinctive characteristics no matter in spatial structure or in residents’ life style in the development of modern Tianjin. The lower culture from the marginal areas and the upper culture from the foreign concessions constituted an interaction urban cultural structure in modern China. Translated by Lü Chunjun from Tianjin Shifan Daxue Xuebao 天津师范大学学报 (Journal of Tianjin Normal University), 2007, (4): 37–41     

Thinking with Montaigne: evidence, scepticism and meaning in early modern demonology

In 1612 the Bordeaux witchcraft inquisitor Pierre de Lancre (1556–1631), himself linked by marriage to Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592), revealed that the essayist and sceptic was related on his mother’s side to a leading authority on magic and superstition, the Flemish-Spanish Jesuit Martin Delrio (1551–1608). De Lancre confounded historians' expectations by using the revelation to defend Montaigne against his cousin's criticism. This article re-evaluates the relationships of De Lancre, Delrio and Montaigne in the light of recent scholarship, which casts demonology as a form of "resistance to scepticism" that conceals deep anxiety about the existence of the supernatural. It explores De Lancre’s and Delrio’s very different attitudes towards Montaigne and towards evidence and scepticism. This, in turn, reveals the different underlying preoccupations of their witchcraft treatises. It hence argues that no monocausal explanation linking scepticism to witchcraft belief is plausible.     

Justice,aggression, and theatre: Contradictions and conflict in the modern world

Cohen, Ronald L. ed. Justice: Views from the Social Sciences. New York and London: Plenum Press, 1986. xii + 283 pp. including chapter references and subject and author indices. $32.50 cloth.

Gilmore, David D. Aggression and Community: Paradoxes of Andalusian Culture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987. xvi + 218 pp. including map, notes, glossary, bibliography, and index. $24.50 cloth.

Wagner‐Pacifici, Robin Erica. The Moro Morality Play: Terrorism as Social Drama. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986. xi + 360 pp. including appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $45.00 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Gorecki, Jan. Capital Punishment: Criminal Law and Social Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. x + 165 pp. including notes, bibliography, and index. $12.50 paper.     

Investigating the production and distribution of plain ware pottery in the Samoan archipelago with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

This paper presents a provenance study of 170 ceramic artifacts and 21 ceramic tiles from three islands in the Samoan archipelago using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Our analyses confirm that LA-ICP-MS can be used to differentiate between clay formations on a single island. We identify different distribution patterns for pottery recovered from lowland and highland sites on Tutuila Island. We also examine evidence for movement of pottery between islands, and find only limited evidence for such movement. Our findings suggest dynamic patterns of prehistoric interaction and site use that need to be evaluated with further data from across the archipelago.