新中国乡村治理的经验与启示

乡村治理是指以乡村政府为基础的国家机构和乡村其他权威机构,为了维持乡村秩序,促进乡村发展,依据法律、法规和传统习俗等,给乡村社会提供公共服务的活动,是乡村多元主体协同公共管理乡村的过程。正确地处理坚持社会主义公有制与不断探索公有制实现形式的关系,坚持农村土地集体所有制不动摇是乡村治理的根本制度保证;加强农村基层党组织和基层政权建设,充分发挥其在农村的指导、引导、协调和服务功能,调动农民的积极性是乡村治理的主要任务;重视农村文化建设,充分发挥基层文化在维持农村稳定、促进经济发展中的重要作用,是乡村治理中不可忽视的重要内容;正确处理城乡关系,统筹城乡经济社会协调发展是乡村治理的努力方向。     

基层社会治理法治化创新的典型案例分析

加强和改善基层治理,推进基层社会治理法治化,切实维护基层和谐稳定,是当前亟待研究解决的重大现实课题。分析各地推进基层社会治理法治化创新的典型案例,有助于总结经验、破解难题、找准对策。推进基层社会治理法治化需要着力强化基层党组织的领导核心作用,完善基层群众自治制度,加强基层社会治理法治体制机制建设。     

浅谈加强农村文化事业发展的对策

基层文化建设是构建农村和谐社会的有机组成部分,而乡镇文化站肩负着农村群众文化活动的示范和导向作用,是推进农村文化建设的桥梁与枢纽,是唱好农村文化小康这台戏的主角,对于加强农村小康文化建设有其特定的作用,构建社会主义新农村,必须加强农村基层文化的建设。     

青海基层社会治理主体特殊性研究

与传统的社会管理模式相比,社会治理更加强调主体的多元性,政府是在多元社会治理主体中起着主导作用,社会组织作为联系政府与公民之间的桥梁,在社会治理中的作用不容忽视。与全国其他省份相比,在青海基层社会治理主体中,基层政府的公共服务供给能力较弱、社会组织力量弱小并且发展缓慢、宗教人士及寺院在青海基层社会治理过程中扮演着十分特殊的角色。推进青海基层社会治理体系和治理能力现代化,必须着重提高基层政府的公共服务供给能力、充分发挥社会组织在基层社会治理过程中的作用,并坚持依法治理和"因俗而治"相结合的路子。     

科学发展观视阈下农村基层党组织建设初探

党的十七届三中全会指出在推进农村改革发展的过程中,必须加强农村基层党组织建设。农村基层党组织是党在农村全部工作和战斗力的基础,是农村各种组织和各项工作的领导核心。建设社会主义新农村,必须大力加强农村基层党组织建设,充分发挥农村基层党组织的领导核心和战斗堡垒作用。而基层党组织作为党建工作的重要环节,担负着深入贯彻落实科学发展观的重大责任。科学发展观作为中国特色社会主义事业长期坚持和贯彻的重大战略思想,在各方面引领着基层党组织的建设。基于此,对科学发展观视阈下基层党组织建设的探索便具有了当务之急的必要性。     

新时期农村基层党组织的能力建设

十六届四中全会作出了加强党的执政能力建设的决定,农村基层党组织是党在农村全部工作和战斗力的基础,为此,农村基层党组织必须加强科技法制的宣传教育能力、脱贫致富的带奔能力、基层党建的推动能力、农村和谐的构建能力建设。     

浅谈如何加强基层群众文化建设

基层群众文化建设,是实现广大人民群众根本利益的重要方面。搞好基层文化工作,对于加强党和政府与人民群众之间的联系,提高广大人民群众的思想道德和科学文化素质,培养健康文明的生活方式具有重要作用。     

农村基层民主政治建设内涵以及意义分析

基层民主政治建设是我国民主政治建设中最基础、最有活力的组成部分。对于一个农村人口众多的发展中国家而言,发展好农村的基层民主政治建设工作对于推进社会主义的民主政治进程有至关重要的作用。因此,深刻理解农村基层民主政治建设的内涵和重要意义是提升农村基层民主政治建设的重要前提。     

积极发挥党校作用 加快社会主义新农村建设步伐

农村基层党组织是党在农村全部工作和战斗力的基础,在全面落实社会主义新农村建设的各项工作中发挥着重要作用。农民是建设社会主义新农村的主体。提高农民整体素质,培养造就有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民,是建设社会主义新农村的迫切需要。党校作为党员干部教育培训的主阵地、主渠道,要充分发挥自身优势,加强对农民群众,特别是农村党员干部的培训教育工作,挖掘培训潜力,在推进社会主义新农村建设中发挥积极作用。     

广西左右江苏区基层治理历史与经验探究

基层治理作为国家治理之末端,是连接政府与人民群众的重要一环,其成效关乎国家现代化发展进程。土地革命时期,邓小平、韦拔群等发动百色起义与龙州起义,领导建立左右江革命根据地。中国共产党带领苏区群众克服旧社会种种治理难题,发布利民文件,联系广大群众,努力探索适应民族地区特点的基层治理道路。左右江苏区的基层治理工作有力地改善了人民的生活水平,支援了革命运动,其治理工作中所体现的革命性、融洽性等特点与得失教训为我国当前基层治理提供了有效经验与借鉴。     

云南省反贫困地理信息系统建设初探

本文从信息系统为决策支持服务的角度出发,以GIS、RS为手段,综合自然、经济、社会、环境等因素,多学科交叉,设计反贫困GIS的总体框架结构,研究和解决面向管理和决策的数据模型,实现致贫基本因素、贫困类型分布与贫困形势变化监测等方面的信息查询与辅助决策分析为一体的综合地理信息系统,为区域反贫困决策的各层次提供辅助分析与决策支持,为反贫困决策提供科学依据。     

邓小平农民脱贫致富思想

邓小平农民脱贫致富思想 ,是以消灭贫穷论为基础和理论出发点展开的。它包括互相联系的三个组成部分 ,即农民脱贫论、农民致富论、农民扶贫论。邓小平的农民脱贫论揭示了农民脱贫的保障条件、农民脱贫的意义、农民脱贫的途径与方式 ;农民致富论阐明了农民致富性质、致富方法、致富道路、致富保证等思想 ;农民扶贫论包括扶贫的必要性和重要性、扶贫的基本思路及方法等方面     

青海农村少数民族贫困妇女文化教育救助调查与分析

近年来,青海农村少数民族贫困妇女对子女的文化教育、家庭饮食和医疗保健的认识有了一定的提高,但是自觉脱贫的意识较差,还存在对文化教育重视不够等诸多问题。解决这些问题,既要不断提高广大少数民族妇女学习和掌握文化技能的主动性、积极性,激发她们内在的潜能,也要通过政府和社会的有效宣传以及引导和扶持,使少数民族贫困妇女实现真正意义上的脱贫致富。     

Poverty Reduction and Good Governance: Examining the Rationale of the Millennium Development Goals

Whilst the deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) looms large, the outcomes so far have been mixed. This article examines the policy logic that ‘good governance’ leads to poverty reduction, which has been adopted by international agencies in pursuit of the MDGs. This causal relationship is examined through an empirical panel‐data estimation using Worldwide Governance Indicators and the poverty headcount ratio in ninety‐eight countries. The empirical evidence does not support the hypothesis that good governance leads to poverty reduction. Good governance alleviates poverty only in middle‐income countries, not in least developed ones. These findings point to the necessity to devise policies that address poverty directly, rather than through indirect instruments, and highlight the urgent need to address structural inequality in developing countries.     

Microcredit as a Grass-Roots Policy for International Development

The failure of top-down development policies in the Third World has given rise to a variety of grass-roots, or bottom-up, development strategies to combat the severe poverty that continues to plague developing countries. Among these grass-roots approaches, microcredit has grown rapidly in popularity, scope, and impact over the last two decades. Microcredit provides financial capital for poor entrepreneurs who toil in the informal, poverty sectors in developing country economies. In addition to the thousands of predominantly nongovernmental organizations that offer microcredit programs, many national governments in the Third World are now seeking to integrate microcredit strategies into their development policy and planning. Accordingly, this article examines the microcredit movement, including its rationale and underlying premises, its impact on the poor, and its role in development policy.     

New approaches to volatility: dealing with the 'resource curse' in sub-Saharan Africa

Much attention has been given in recent years to the paradoxical fact that huge flows of money from petroleum appear not to have brought prosperity to the African countries that produce it, but may instead have helped cause poverty, economic decline and conflict. Issues such as human rights abuses near oil installations and environmental damage have often captured the headlines, but these, while important, are peripheral to the main problems: the Dutch Disease, whereby an influx of oil money causes real exchange rates to appreciate, making local industry and agriculture uncompetitive; the damage that petroleum money causes to institutions, incentives and overall governance; and the volatility of oil prices and revenues. This article will look at the volatility problem, and how oil contracts tend to make matters even worse. They are like this for long-established technical, political and historical reasons, and there is consequently a widespread belief in the industry that change is not possible. This defeatist attitude needs to be vigorously challenged.     

Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Korea: Governing Multifunctional Institutions

Combining economic development and poverty reduction is a challenge for developing countries. In the search for mechanisms that integrate both goals, this article examines the Republic of Korea's development strategy, which transformed one of Asia's poorest nations into an industrialized country with low levels of poverty. The authors investigate the state–society nexus in which Korea's developmental state has operated and look at the role of governance for economic development, focusing especially on multifunctioning institutions performing for economic growth and poverty reduction. The article provides strategic suggestions for developing countries on managing effectively within institutional constraints and moving beyond a simple emphasis on good governance.     

Cruciform sovereignty,matrix governance and the scramble for Africa's oil: Insights from Chad and Sudan

As the core of the global economy has grown and become more integrated Northern countries increasingly share sovereignty horizontally, in part to achieve access to natural resources. Their collective power is then projected into the Global South to ensure vertical sovereignty sharing and continued resource extraction; giving sovereignty a global cruciform structure. The resulting uneven development is associated with problems of poverty, resource competition and conflict (“the resource curse”). The solution to these problems often presented by donors is better national, and also global governance: the creation of a governance matrix, prescribing and proscribing sets of actions by particular actors. Matrix governance attempts to regularize social interactions to achieve poverty reduction, but by promoting a continuing emphasis on natural resource exports in Africa it contributes to the problems it seeks to address and in some cases is implicated in violent conflict. The contradictions of this form of global governance then recreate the conditions for its own perpetuation. This paper explores this issue through a focus on the “new scramble” for African oil through a case study of Sudan and the Chad–Cameroon oil pipeline.     

试析美国阿巴拉契亚地区贫困的历史原因

19世纪中期发达的阿巴拉契亚地区在二战后沦为联邦政府扶贫的对象,个中原因错综复杂。生存农业向商品农业转变滞后,产业结构调整缓慢,地区经济落后于发展潮流。外地业主控制矿产资源,抑制当地资本积累,削弱经济发展动力。居民思想观念保守,文化素质偏低,妨碍阿巴拉契亚地区融入美国主流社会。这些因素导致阿巴拉契亚地区经济投资环境恶化,地区经济社会陷入恶性循环的困境。     

西安新城市贫困空间固化及其治理研究——基于空间正义视角

新城市贫困空间固化及其治理研究,对破解城市发展不平衡不充分,促进城市社会公平公正具有重要理论和现实意义。基于西安市街道尺度问卷调查数据,采用贫困综合指数和构建空间固贫指数,在GIS技术支持下,对西安新城市贫困空间时空演化和固化趋势进行研究,并以空间正义为视角,提出西安新城市贫困空间固化治理方案。结果表明：①研究期内,西安新城市贫困程度不断减轻,贫困空间分布异质性明显,贫困空间演化整体上由放射状嵌套分布向圈层分布转变;②西安新城市贫困空间固化正在形成,空间固贫指数较高街道集中在内城衰退区,城市边缘失地农民聚居区、流动人口聚居区和遗址保护区;③西安新城市贫困空间固化治理要以空间正义思想为指引,在弘扬价值正义、制度正义和政策正义基础上,构建空间正义“起点-过程-结果”三位一体保障体系,确保城市空间生产公平公正。