霍布斯自然法思想的当代价值

作为古典自然法学派的代表,霍布斯在西方法律思想史上占有重要地位。霍布斯从人性论出发,阐明了以和平为目的的自然法学说,造就了西方人的法治精神。本文以自然法理论渊源为背景,论述了霍布斯自然法形成的两个理论前提及其基本内涵,总结了其理论价值,对我国建设中国特色社会主义民主政治提供了重要的指导意义。     

济尔哈朗与多尔衮比较研究

济尔哈朗与多尔衮同为和硕亲王,共同辅国理政,而两人的人生却走向了不同的方向。济尔哈朗与多尔衮在军事方面都有着杰出的才能,然而,由于两人性格迥异,济尔哈朗的"妇人之仁"使他晚年得到了善终,而多尔衮的霸道与独揽大权却让他在死后都不得善终。     

探秘艾斯克霞尔

艾斯克霞尔在维吾尔语中是“破城子”的意思。我在南北疆看到过许多破城子,最袖珍的,却要数哈密的艾斯克霞尔了,但论起考古学上和文化上的意义,小小的艾斯克霞尔却很有分量,不逊于任何其他的破城子,这的确是一件令人称奇的事情。堪称重量级的哈密绿洲文化基本都集中在艾斯克霞尔到三堡、四堡、五堡这一带,包括大名鼎鼎的焉不拉克文化。     

野间宏·亲鸾·现代文明

二十世纪后半期,野间宏的文学活动,已无法与对亲鸾的研究和对现代文明的批判分离开。二十世纪后期,随着一个世界性大变革时代的到来,野间宏内心曾经被强行压抑下去的潜在的佛教思想,逐渐升腾起来。这是他文学的一个重大转机。为此,野间宏重读亲鸾的书,在深刻的反思中,他认识到:自己做为一个知识分子,只是关注着自己的心,而亲鸾关注     

尧熬尔之谜

神秘的名称 裕固人自称尧熬尔。相传在北方草原,“尧熬尔”一词的产生是这样的:古代北部亚洲牧民饱受世世代代的暴力、战争、分裂、压迫和不平,终于有一天,一个英雄在他的草原帮助下,统一了许多分裂的部落。英雄宣布要在人间建立一个让所有民族和部落的人民联合起来的国     

试论爱尔维娜的反抗

爱尔维娜长期受资本主义文明教化,“理性”意识强大,然而她的“血性”意识也在萌发,二者构成尖锐冲突。她的遭遇表明,文明压抑人的自然本能,把人变成为生活中的死人。她在“血性”意识支配下对文明社会的反抗,为人们指出了一条摆脱死亡命运的道路,体现了作者通过倡导“血性”意识,进而拯救人类的思想。     

崖尔寺记游

从民和官亭出发,西行约二十华里,来到黄河北岸的积石山下,然后沿着一条蜿蜒崎岖的小路迤逦而行,迎面而来的是一座陡峭高耸,笔立如削的山峰。石崖间有一座凌空飞架,依崖而建的山寺,这就是闻名三川的古刹——崖尔寺。 崖尔寺,因建筑于山崖而得名,关于它的起源,当地群众中流传着这样一个神话传说:很早很早以前,崖尔寺山脚下有一个村庄叫库巴村。一天,这个村里的两个放牛娃到山坡上放牧。时值中午,突然从山内传来了“开了吗?”“开了吗?”的喊声。一连六天,天天如此。两小孩感到奇怪,他们知道山上无人,可那声音是从哪里传来的呢?傍晚回家后,他们把这几天发生的怪事,原原本本地向家中父母说了。他们的家长说:     

扎纳巴扎尔的鎏金铜造像艺术

扎纳巴扎尔这个名字在人们的记忆中十分生疏,至于他所制作的鎏金铜造像更是鲜为人知。1995年秋,笔者在美国加州逗留期间,于9月中旬访问了亚洲艺术博物馆,由该馆佛教艺术史和印度艺术专家谢瑞华女士接待参观了“蒙古——成吉思汗遗物展”。此展览由蒙古国提供,有不少珍贵文物,其中包括九件扎纳巴扎尔手制的佛像。我为其艺术魅力所吸引,经谢女士介绍得知扎纳巴扎尔的身世,始知扎纳巴扎尔即哲布尊丹巴呼图克图(图一、图二)。哲布尊丹巴呼图克图(《清实录》记作“泽卜尊丹巴胡土克图”)在清初喀尔喀蒙古与清廷的政治合作上曾起过重要作用,我对此虽有所了解,但对他擅长造像艺术的情况     

尔比尔吉——彝族的教科书

格言谚语,彝族叫“尔比尔吉”,简称“尔比”。它以极其精炼、深刻、生动的艺术语句,概括了彝族群众的实践经验和集体智慧。它是形象思维和逻辑思维的结合,同时又是高度提炼了的艺术精品。因此,彝族人民高度重视“尔比”,有句谚语说:“前人不说尔比,后辈没有话说。”     

北岳圆觉寺铃鸾风塔之研究

北岳恒山北麓浑源城内,有圆觉寺塔。塔顶耸立一翔凤,八百多年来始终担负着回转以指示风向的任务,对该地预估未来天气有很大帮助。该塔悬有檐铃,风来铃响,其声幽扬悦耳。传说凤有五色。青黑为主者曰“鸾”。古代以鸾饰车,并配以铃,名曰“鸾铃”。圆觉寺塔即有悬铃,塔顶翔凤为铁质黑色,故以“圆觉寺铃鸾风塔”名之,     

POCKETS FULL OF MISTAKES: THE PERSONAL CONSEQUENCES OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN A TORAJA VILLAGE

This paper analyses the personal consequences of religious change in a Toraja village, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It describes how Toraja villagers traditionally define and respond to wrongdoing and then examines their ambivalent reactions to alternatives suggested by Christianity. The paper argues that studies which attempt to evaluate the relative costs and benefits of religious change should specify the subjectively perceived ‘fit’ between old and new religious conceptions and should examine the manner in which individuals use cultural symbols and institutions to order and make sense of their everyday experience.     

The Cross or the Double-Cross: Roman Catholicism,Anti-Communism,and the Political Theology of Venerable Fulton J. Sheen

The Venerable and Most Reverend Fulton J. Sheen was an advocate of American Catholic patriotism and opponent to the spread of totalitarianism, especially communism. He grounded the two positions in what I call the “ecclesial foundation” in which he defined American citizenship in terms of membership in religious institutions. In Sheen's view, religious institutions provided the ultimate, spiritual ends for humankind. Therefore, the American government had to protect, above all, religious liberties at home and abroad. Totalitarian regimes, which Sheen believed sought to replace spiritual with material ends of the state, violently deprived their subjects of religious liberty and, therefore, embodied the spirit of the anti-Christ. Only the Vatican had the spiritual and moral authority to identify this spirit, and—especially after the Second World War—only America had the military and economic power to confront it. Ironically, this argument was an appropriation of the old Nativist arguments against the Vatican itself. The Nativist argument was that religious liberty of Protestant churches was the source for political authority of the American state to use against the absolute, arbitrary, foreign dictator in Rome. Sheen's appropriation and redeployment of the old narrative persuaded millions of Americans to oppose totalitarian ideologies and view, after centuries of distrust, American Catholics as loyal citizens.     

Review of Periodical Literature and Occasional Publications

Abstract

'Millenarians in the Pennines 1800–1830: Building and Believing Jerusalem'. The legend of the prophet John Wroe and his nineteenth-century millenarian followers remains a cherished part of Pennine folklore. In Ashton-under-Lyne and other mill-towns, Wroe attracted a following committed to his religious direction, living according to the Old Testament Law, and calling themselves 'Israelites'. In the 1820s, the Ashton community constructed an elaborate Sanctuary and four gatehouses, and called their town 'Jerusalem'. Wroe left Ashton in 1831 after sexual allegations; yet his movement persisted for decades. This article presents a new history of Wroe's Israelite sect before 1830, revealing its continuity — in ideas and people — with earlier religious traditions in the region. The phenomenon of a sect believing Ashton could be the New Jerusalem was not the work of one charismatic leader, nor the outcome of economic and religious conditions in one decade; nor were such beliefs a short-lived replacement for old securities. From a newly discovered archive and a range of sources in international and local collections, the buildings, the rites and the regime emergent in 1820s Ashton are shown to be merely the most prominent episode in a larger and more notable regional religious history. Acknowledging the agency available within this movement challenges existing conceptions of millenarianism in the period.     

A peculiar pluralism

Abstract

In this article, we shall describe the complexity and differentiation that characterizes the state of religion in Italy, beginning with a concise reconstruction of the chief factors that characterize the relationship that Italians experience with their birth religion or the prevailing religion (Catholicism). We shall then describe the level of ethical and religious pluralism (found both within the Catholic universe and, especially, outside of that universe) that Italian society is beginning to experience directly, in part because of the fact that other religious entities (both old and new) are become increasingly visible in the public sphere, adding color and identity to the symphony of voices attempting to speak publicly in religious terms. In conclusion, we shall explore a phenomenon, popular religion, which continues to show extraordinary vitality. The basic hypothesis that we intend to set forth is based on the idea that ordinary Italians consider themselves Catholic but have a variety of different ways of interpreting their practical involvement with the Catholic Church.     

Men in the Communities of Dominican Nuns – Sister‐Books Discussing Priests and Friars

This article discusses the relationship between Dominican nuns and their caregivers (priests and friars) with the help of sister‐books written by the Dominican nuns themselves in the first half of the fourteenth century. My main focus will be on analysing the way religious men were described in these books and asking how this discussion was related to the everyday life of the nuns in the Dominican convents. I will suggest that the sister‐books can give a new and perhaps unexpected view of the relationships between Dominican nuns and their spiritual caregivers, as these texts suggest that nuns preferred local secular priests over the friars, even though they accepted the religious authority of the latter. I will argue that although the sister‐books were literary products, they had a close connection to the lived reality of nuns and that they can tell us about the interaction between nuns and religious men in their service. However, these texts also formed the ideas of nuns and kept the old attitudes towards priests and friars live, even when the interaction might have already taken other forms in practice.     

Preaching Religion, Family and Memory in Nineteenth-Century England

This article explores the religious selfhood of an exemplary Bible Christian woman, Mary Thorne (1807–1883). Founded in 1815 as a splinter group of Wesleyan Methodism, the Bible Christian denomination invoked an epistemology which stressed the correlation between religious and familial obligations. A close study of Mary Thorne's private writings suggests the tensions which existed within this ideal at the level of everyday life. Her writings open a window on a religious woman's negotiation of her public identity alongside her experiences of marriage, sexuality and motherhood. They show the impact of age, life cycle and memory in the process of self-imagining and commemoration. Critically, they also show how dependent Thorne's self-realisation and presentation were on material signs of her identity. In understanding the varying constructions of Mary Thorne's religious selfhood, I argue we might more fully understand the material cultures that underpinned evangelical religion and domesticity in nineteenth-century Britain.     

The Single Individual in Kierkegaard: Religious or Secular? Part 1

The critical issue that I examine in my study, which is divided into two parts, is how we are to interpret, within what Kierkegaard regards as “the present age,” his concept of the single individual when viewed in light of the hermeneutical distinction that he makes between Christianity and Christendom. Since the distinction between Christianity and Christendom is not one between the religious and the secular or between faith and reason but one between what he calls indirect (i.e., truthful) communication and direct (i.e., idolatrous) communication, we find that the single individual of the present age of modernity is at once religious and secular.     

明清民间教派中的道教因素

明清民间教派在明代中后期开始兴起,以真空家乡、无生老母和三佛应劫、末劫救世为信仰。它是在明代三教合一的思想背景下兴起的,并从儒、释、道三教中吸取了有益成分,因此与道教之间有着很深的渊源。明清民间教派中道教色彩浓厚的教派众多,这些教派体现出了道教世俗化、民间化的诸多流行要素,包括符箓、咒术、庞杂的神灵谱系和医术等等。明清民间教派从道教中吸收的重要养分就是内丹修炼方法,其中的无为教、黄天教、三一教、闻香教、圆顿教等教门都与道教的内丹道有着直接或者间接的关联。清代中后期,内丹修炼说在八卦教等教门中流衍为坐功运气之说,并在晚近时期进一步演变成为气功武术。     

Alexander Ross’s Pansebeia (1653), religious compendia and the seventeenth-century study of religious diversity

Recently, our scholarly understanding of how religion was studied during the seventeenth century has changed. Contributions made by historians of scholarship have provided a more detailed picture through studies of the emerging genre of the history of idolatry. This article, however, looks at another new but overlooked genre in the seventeenth century: the religious catalogue. It does so through an examination of the most popular compendium of the age: the Scottish-born, England-based Alexander Ross’s Pansebeia: Or, A View of All the Religions (1653). Ross’s work contains the first attempt to comprehend and understand religious diversity on an exhaustive scale. Using Pansebeia, we can tell a story of how religious compendia gave the embattled, anxious Christian the information necessary to defend themselves against the threat of religious diversity in the seventeenth century, and which unintentionally contributed to the emergence of the modern concept of “religion” as a distinct sets of theological beliefs and rituals.     

The Public Face of Post-Tridentine Italian Confraternities

Catholic reforming policies and Council of Trent rules encouraged and expanded the more public roles and responsibilities of lay confraternities, changing the nature of some old brotherhoods, and promoting new ones. The public images became more important for members, the wider church institutions including associated religious orders, and the public. This article considers some significant aspects of the "public face": processions, Forty Hour devotions, philanthropy. Confraternities contributed to the theatricality of post-tridentine, "baroque" religion in cities like Bologna, Naples and most especially Rome, where the Spanish national confraternity played a spectacular role.