THE ORIGIN,DESTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OF COLOUR IN EGYPTIAN TRAVERTINE*

Travertine was one of ancient Egypt's most popular ornamental stones. Upon prolonged exposure to sunlight, the rock's translucent brownish calcite is bleached to nearly white. Ultraviolet and gamma irradiation experiments were undertaken to investigate the source of the brownish colour and the process by which it fades. It was found that the coloration results from the activation of colour centres by natural radioactivity within the rock, and that these colour centres are deactivated by the ultraviolet component of sunlight. The results also demonstrate that the original brownish colour of sun‐bleached, travertine objects can be restored by artificial gamma irradiation.     

WARFARE AND ITS AFTERMATH AS REFLECTED IN THE PRECIOUS METAL COINAGE OF BELGIC GAUL

Summary. This paper is concerned with aspects of the Roman Conquest of Belgic Gaul in the first century BC which might be discerned through the study of the precious metal coinages issued by the indigenous inhabitants. Die studies are used as a basis for quantifying the output of the wartime coinages in relation to their predecessors, and the probable impact of the war in terms of the quantities of valuables which were permanently removed from circulation. The continued striking and use of native coinage after the war is also discussed and the material evaluated as a source of information on political arrangements and social conditions in the period preceding the implementation of Augustus'administrative reforms.     

THE EGYPTIAN GREEN PIGMENT: ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND LINKS TO EGYPTIAN BLUE*

The chemical and structural analysis of raw Egyptian blue and green pigment cakes and of 50 pigment samples taken from paintings kept in the Louvre Museum was performed using a set of analytical techniques (X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, Raman microscopy and UV spectrophotometry). The structural and morphological study of modern samples prepared on the basis of these results has provided technological data that help to explain ancient procedures. The role of the firing temperature, the atmospheric conditions in the furnace and the cooling rate are considered. The difference between Egyptian blue and Egyptian green pigment is proved. Manufacturing processes for their deliberate synthesis are proposed.     

VALUES DUALISM AND SOCIAL POLICY AFFECTING THE ELDERLY*

The impact of American values on social policy for and affecting older people is a little explored and complex area. A conceptual framework is developed which reveals the dual and often contradictory nature of the American value system. This framework sets forth the interrelationships of fundamental value-laden issues such as adequacy/equity, work/leisure and religious/secular.     

THE SED-FESTIVAL AND ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY

The problem of the periodic character of the sod-festival, as with other aspects of this mysterious ceremony, has long been discussed and is still the subject of debate. This ritual was intended to be celebrated by the king, normally after a reign of thirty years had elapsed -- the so-called ＂thirty-year principle,＂ --which is taken by general consent to be a significant feature of the sed-festival. Yet, there is disagreement as to how to use records relating to the sed-festival in chronological studies on account of the fact that a number of records of the sed-festival are dated prior to the thirtieth regnal year of the king. Due to our hunger and need for datable sources, none the less, historians cannot always resist the temptation to assess the length of a king＇s reign on the basis of the sed-festival records, sometimes even though only scant evidence is available.     

7. TOWARD A GENEALOGY OF THE RESEARCHER AS SUBJECT IN POST/DECOLONIAL PACIFIC HISTORIES

Recent discussion has drawn out some important differences between postcolonial and decolonial theories. The former are associated primarily with the work of South Asian scholars working in cultural, literary, or historical studies; decolonial scholarship, by contrast, is located in Latin America and has emerged from sociological critiques of dependency theory. Shifting the locus of debate to the Pacific centers another subject in globalizing critiques of colonialism: the historian in indigenous communities. In this article, I examine how the role of the researcher is conceptualized in Linda Tuhiwai Smith's landmark work Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (1999). Revealing tensions between objectivity and intersubjectivity, on the one hand, and between essentialist identity and hybridity, on the other, I ask why Smith's book hinges on dichotomizing nonindigenous and indigenous researchers, who are by turn enabled or constrained in a colonial present. I situate this late twentieth-century subject in a genealogy of indigenous engagement with history and anthropology in New Zealand and contemporary problems of historical justice.     

A NEW CONCEPT AND EXHIBITION PROGRAM FOR THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM IN CAIRO

This article presents a new concept for the future permanent display of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and discusses different practical ideas and concepts. Throughout the discussion, recent challenges and opportunities are considered, particularly the conflicts and duplication among the three major museums in Greater Cairo, the Egyptian Museum(EMC), the Grand Egyptian Museum(GEM), and the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization(NMEC). Different ideas are introduced, while selected options are then discussed. The author argues his suggestion to develop a concept that combines archaeological fieldwork, masterpieces, and visible storage in a presentation that varies from aesthetic, contextual and systematic display. This comes from the author's understanding of the expected audiences, their interests, the strengths of the collection, the exhibition space, and EMC's mission.     

RAW MATERIALS OF GLASS FROM AMARNA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGINS OF EGYPTIAN GLASS*

Analysis has been conducted on 19 blue glasses from Amarna in Middle Egypt dated to around 1350 BC. The results suggest that these glasses fall into two distinct types: cobalt coloured glasses with a natron based alkali made from local Egyptian materials, and copper coloured glasses with a plant ash alkali, which follow a Mesopotamian tradition of glass making. It is suggested that at least some of this copper/plant ash glass is imported into Egypt during the Amarna period despite extensive local production of cobalt/natron glass. Existing analyses (Lilyquist and Brill 1995) of the earliest glass from the reign of Tuthmosis III (c. 1450 BC) suggest that during this period the same two types of glass are present. Local Egyptian cobalt and natron in these early glasses implies that, despite the lack of archaeological evidence for production sites, glass was produced from its raw materials in Egypt as early as the reign of Tuthmosis III.     

兰州市老龄人口空间分布及其形成机制

文章运用2000年第五次及2010年第六次人口普查数据,对兰州市主城区老龄人口的空间分布及其形成机制进行了分析。结果表明:兰州市老龄人口增速快,各区增长差异显著,街区差距相对缓和;老龄人口比重呈圈层结构分布,街区间比重差异明显,老龄人口高密度街区范围扩大,空间特征呈现出明显的"双中心"结构;高龄老人增速快,老龄人口性别比下降,空巢家庭日益增加,老年抚养负担加重。其形成机制主要缘于历史沿革、社会发展、人口生育政策以及人口迁移的共同作用。     

试析上海市人口老龄化与社会养老设施的发展

人口老龄化对社会和经济发展都有着深刻的影响。上海市人口老龄化近年来发展非常迅速,而且具有强度大,向心增值性等特点。由于家庭小型化和中青年的生活压力增大,在充分重视家庭养老的基础上,社会养老设施仍有相当大的发展空间。从目前的情况来看,上海市社会养老设施的发展严重滞后于其老龄化及新的社会形式的发展,存在较大的供需缺口,并存在着地区结构性不平衡。但也出现了一些令人鼓舞的现象,如社会各方力量更多的参与,托老所的兴起和发展等。本文在对上海市社会养老设施发展现状进行分析之后,提出了应当多渠道,多形式地发展养老设施,在地区布局上应当因地制宜,并应当加强老人福利人员的培训。