共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
William H. Walker Michael Brian Schiffer 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2006,13(2):67-88
This paper explores the materiality of social power relationally through study of social interactions with artifacts. Specifically, it is argued that acquisition of an artifact instantiates social power by imposing interactions on groups taking part in that artifact's life-history activities. We introduce the “performance-preference matrix,” an analytic tool for systematically studying the effects of such acquisition events on activity groups. The use of the performance-preference matrix is illustrated through an example: the acquisition of electric-arc lights for lighthouses in the 19th century. Suggestions are offered for analyzing culture-contact situations and for handling singularized artifacts such as heirlooms and monuments.
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William H. WalkerEmail: |
2.
Tim Murray 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2006,10(4):291-298
The research reported in this special issue details research undertaken at the site of Casselden Place in Melbourne, Australia.
In addition to providing specific information about this site, this collaborative effort demonstrates how the theory and practice
of the archaeology of the modern city has developed and matured.
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Tim MurrayEmail: |
3.
The Bioarchaeological Investigation of Childhood and Social Age: Problems and Prospects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recently, the value of the study of children and childhood from archaeological contexts has become more recognized. Childhood
is both a biological and a social phenomenon. However, because of specialization in research fields within anthropology, subadults
from the archaeological record are usually studied from the biological perspective (bioarchaeology) or, more predominantly,
the social perspective (social archaeology), with little research that incorporates both approaches. These polarized approaches
to childhood and age highlight the dualistic way in which “biological” and “social” aspects of the body are viewed. Some recent
literature criticizes bioarchaeological approaches, and calls for the incorporation of childhood social theory, including
social age categories, into subadult health analysis. However, few studies have explicitly addressed the practicalities or
theoretical issues that need to be considered when attempting this. This paper critically examines these issues, including
terminology used for defining subadulthood and age divisions within it, and approaches to identify “social age” in past populations.
The important contribution that bioarchaeology can make to the study of social aspects of childhood is outlined. Recent theoretical
approaches for understanding the body offer exciting opportunities to incorporate skeletal remains into research, and develop
a more biologically and socially integrated understanding of childhood and age.
相似文献
Nancy TaylesEmail: |
4.
Nan A. Rothschild 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2006,10(1):72-107
A comparison of two seventeenth-century colonial encounters in North America, examining the Pueblo–Spanish interaction in New Mexico and the Mohawk–Dutch situation in New York. I focus on material culture flows, the role of women, forms of labor that were extracted in each setting and how each of these contributed to power relations and identity construction.
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Nan A. RothschildEmail: |
5.
Karen D. Lupo 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2006,13(1):19-66
This paper uses rationale derived from central place foraging models to explore the factors that guide the carcass processing and transport decisions of modern hunters. Using data derived from butchering experiments, I test different economic indices that purportedly reflect the field processing and transport decisions of contemporary African Hadza hunter-gatherers. The results show that no single index predicts part processing and transport for the species examined in this analysis. Processing and transport decisions are, however, patterned in ways that are consistent with theoretical predictions. While similar processes likely guide carcass treatment and transport decisions among all hunter-gatherers, different ecological, social, and historical constraints define the range of solutions to problems involving carcass treatment. In this specific example, intertaxonomic differences in carcass size and bone properties constrain how the trade-offs between field processing and transport costs are resolved. I conclude by suggesting ways in which analysts might make use of central place foraging rationale and models to explain variation in skeletal representation and abundances across time and space.
相似文献
Karen D. LupoEmail: |
6.
Kathryn J. Weedman 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2006,13(3):188-237
The significance of flaked stone tool variation has been a source of great archaeological debate for over 100 years. Even though evidence for stone tool hafting exists as far back as the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age, there is a dearth of information concerning how hafting affects stone tool technology. This ethnoarchaeological study of hafted stone scrapers among the Gamo of southern Ethiopia examines why a single cultural group utilizes two different hafts, which generate different lithic morphologies, technologies, and spatial distributions. The relationships between history, environment, and social group membership are explored to demonstrate how these associations create variation in technological practices.
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Kathryn J. WeedmanEmail: |
7.
R. Alexander Bentley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2006,13(3):135-187
Strontium isotope analysis of archaeological skeletons has provided useful and exciting results in archaeology in the last 20 years, particularly by characterizing past human migration and mobility. This review covers the biogeochemical background, including the origin of strontium isotope compositions in rocks, weathering and hydrologic cycles that transport strontium, and biopurification of strontium from to soils, to plants, to animals and finally into the human skeleton, which is subject to diagenesis after burial. Spatial heterogeneity and mixing relations must often be accounted for, rather than simply ``matching' a measured strontium isotope value to a presumed single-valued geologic source. The successes, limitations and future potential of the strontium isotope technique are illustrated through case studies from geochemistry, biogeochemistry, ecology and archaeology.
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R. Alexander BentleyEmail: |
8.
Julie Satchell 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(2):103-118
This paper examines the work of the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (HWTMA) in developing informal education
approaches and initiatives. It introduces the aims and ethos of the HWTMA which focuses on embedding education and learning
into all aspects of its work, before exploring ways in which its fieldwork and research programme are utilised to help deliver
a range of educational opportunities to a diverse range of groups and individuals. There is a review of the possibilities
for skill development through practical involvement which is illustrated with case study examples, followed by discussion
of broader approaches, including publications, talks and exhibits. This review underpins discussion of a recent project ‘Maritime
Archaeology Access and Learning Workshops’ which aimed to ‘educate the educators’, and has demonstrated the potential for
this approach to make a significant contribution to increasing the profile of maritime archaeology within informal learning
frameworks. The paper concludes by reviewing the experience of these regionally-based initiatives in relation to the expansion
of maritime archaeology within the UK and suggests ways that lessons learned could be drawn upon in the development of emerging
national approaches.
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Julie SatchellEmail: URL: www.hwtma.org.uk |
9.
Jeffrey R. Ferguson 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2008,15(1):51-67
Archaeologists frequently underestimate the importance of children as well as craft skill acquisition in the formation of
archaeological assemblages. Perhaps even more often they conflate the terms “novice” and “child” in ways that oversimplify
the factors that are involved in incorporating new producers into craft production. In particular, the skill acquisition involved
in stone tool production is influenced by a variety of factors, including danger, raw material value, raw material availability,
and raw material recyclability, as well as a variety of social factors. This paper examines the influence of each of these
factors and also suggests patterns useful in recognizing and distinguishing between novices and children in the archaeological
record.
相似文献
Jeffrey R. FergusonEmail: |
10.
There are many restrictions placed on researchers studying Paleolithic Cave art due to the constraints of conservation that
limit direct contact with the original works. This paper discusses how recent advances in technology have revolutionized the
study and interpretation of Paleolithic cave art. The interpretation of Paleolithic symbolic systems is a complex process
and hypotheses must be applied to cave art with the greatest of precision. A detailed analysis of the painted or engraved
surfaces leads to a greater understanding of both the techniques employed and the actual sequence in which parietal compositions
were executed. By unlocking the creative process followed by Upper Paleolithic artists we are able to glimpse the artist’s
motivations and to understand a portion of the art’s hidden meaning.
相似文献
Carole FritzEmail: |
11.
Mary M. A. McDonald 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(1):3-43
Two locations adjacent to the great central oases of the Egyptian Western Desert experienced an unusual period of sedentism
in the early to mid-Holocene. Around the Southeast Basin near Dakhleh Oasis and in the Wadi el-Midauwara above Kharga, areas
sharing close cultural ties, groups of slab structure sites attest to increased sedentism spanning 2,500 years. Kharga seems
to have been settled fairly continuously through the two and a half millennia, but little is known of subsistence practices
in this location. Dakhleh experienced two episodes of increased sedentism. Early Holocene Masara groups occupied a well-watered
location within a generally dry desert. In the wetter mid-Holocene, Bashendi settlers in large stone-built sites hunted, collected
wild cereals, and may have kept herds. As the desert dried after 5300 BC, the settlers switched to a life of mobile forager-herders.
相似文献
Mary M. A. McDonaldEmail: |
12.
Through a discussion of the intentions behind two hypertext works, Ruth Tringham’s Chimera Web and Rosemary Joyce’s Sister Stories, we present an argument that the new digital media offer unique opportunities for feminist archaeology to realize some of
its deepest values. Through the medium of hypermedia and hypertext (multilinear) narratives the complexities of the feminist
practice of archaeology (including its multivocal interpretive process) can be grasped, enjoyed, and participated in by a
non-archaeological audience more fluidly than in traditional linear texts. We draw attention to the way in which recent developments
in digital technology, especially through the Internet, have transformed our ability to share freely the fruits of our creative
thought with an ever-expanding audience.
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Ruth E. Tringham (Corresponding author)Email: |
13.
Ericka Engelstad 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(3):217-234
Numerous publications on gender archaeology present case studies that incorporate gender in their analyses, but make little
use of feminist theory and critique, and are ambivalent or negative to feminism. Aspects of Norwegian, British and American
gender archaeology are discussed in relation to a desire for the ‘mainstream.’ The reasons for, and consequences of, a lack
of feminist theorizing and engagement are related to Donna Haraway’s concept of situated knowledges.
相似文献
Ericka EngelstadEmail: |
14.
Paul Roscoe 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2009,16(2):69-116
Small-scale society furnishes the bread and butter of archeological research. Yet our understanding of what these communities
did and how they achieved their purpose is still rudimentary. Using the ethnography of contact-era New Guinea, this paper
presents a “social signaling” model of small-scale social systems that archeologists may find useful for contextualizing and
interpreting the material record of these societies. It proposes that the organization of small-scale society was oriented,
among other goals, towards biological and social reproduction, subsistence optimization, and military defense. To advance
these multiple collective interests, however, these communities had to deal with three problems: an optimality problem, a
conflict-of-interest problem, and a free-rider problem. The optimality problem was solved with a modular (or segmented) social
structure, the conflict-of-interest problem by a process of social signaling, and these two solutions together operated to
resolve the free-rider problems they created. In addition to explaining the structure and function of small-scale societies,
the model provides a unified framework that can account for the ceremonial behaviors, core cultural conceptions, and leadership
forms that these societies generated.
相似文献
Paul RoscoeEmail: |
15.
Anthony P. Andrews Rafael Burgos Villanueva Luis Millet Cámara 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2006,10(2):179-205
The emergence of capitalism in the peninsula of Yucatán is generally presented as a process resulting from the capitalization
of the agricultural sector and the export of products from its sugar, cotton, and henequén plantations in the nineteenth century.
In addition to these products, the peninsula also had a dynamic coastal economy in which the harvesting of salt and the extraction
of logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum), played a major role and contributed to the flow of goods to international markets.
We present a preliminary archaeological survey and historical documentation of El Real de Salinas, a salt-producing port on
the north coast of Campeche, which was also involved in the extraction of other coastal products and closely linked to the
inland plantation system.
相似文献
Anthony P. AndrewsEmail: |
16.
17.
Randall White 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2006,13(4):250-303
The discovery of female figurines at Brassempouy in the 1890's would launch more than a century of debate and interpretation
concerning Paleolithic representations of women. The figurines emerged from the ground into a colonial intellectual and socio-political
context nearly obsessed with matters of race. This early racial interpretive frame would only be replaced in the mid 20th
century, when prehistorians turned to questions such as fertility and womanhood.
The first figurines were discovered in 1892 under rather tortured circumstances in which their very ownership was the subject
of a heated dispute between Edouard Piette and Emile Cartailhac. Their toxic relationship would lead Piette, in his subsequent
excavations, to be extremely precise about issues of stratigraphic and spatial provenience. Piette's publications and archives
enabled Henri Delporte to confirm the Gravettian attribution of the figurines and have allowed the present author to create
a map of their spatial distribution within the site.
Technological and microscopic analysis of the Brassempouy figurines resolves some lingering questions about the sex of certain
of the figurines and suggests an original context of figurine fabrication and the abandonment of unsuccessful sculpting attempts.
相似文献
Randall WhiteEmail: |
18.
How to Make an Unfired Clay Cooking Pot: Understanding the Technological Choices Made by Arctic Potters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Karen G. Harry Lisa Frink Brendan O’Toole Andreas Charest 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2009,16(1):33-50
Between about 500 a.d. and the late nineteenth century, clay cooking pots associated with the Thule culture were produced in the Arctic region.
Ethnographic and archaeological records indicate that these vessels were typically underfired (often even unfired), highly
porous, and easily broken. Despite these characteristics, the evidence indicates that they were used to heat water over open
fires. In this paper, we examine how Arctic potters were able to produce unsintered vessels capable of holding liquids without
disintegrating. We conclude that the application of seal oil and seal blood to the pot’s surface was the key to their success.
相似文献
Karen G. HarryEmail: |
19.
Sam Willis 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2009,4(1):51-65
This article demonstrates the potential of an historical archaeology of smuggling and the value of an interdisciplinary approach
to the study of smuggling and its prevention. By exploring the previously unstudied history of the King’s Pipe in Falmouth,
a large chimney used for the destruction of tobacco, a rare survivor of many that once existed in England’s port cities, it
demonstrates that archaeology could transform our understanding of smuggling and its prevention, and more broadly the history
of crime and punishment in eighteenth century England.
相似文献
Sam WillisEmail: |
20.
Monica L. Smith 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2006,14(2):97-142
Urbanism in the Indian subcontinent occurred in three distinct time periods in which cultural cohesion over large regions is archaeologically demonstrated through the architecture and artifacts of social, ritual, and economic activity. In the Indus (2500–1900 B.C.) and Early Historic (3rd century B.C. to 4th century A.D.) periods, cities were not necessarily tied to political territories or guided by strong political leaders, but by the Medieval period (after the 9th century A.D.), urban zones were the base for political growth, warfare, and aggrandizement. The comparison of these three eras is undertaken within a framework for defining cities that balances quantitative criteria such as population size and areal extent with two types of qualitative criteria: internal specialization on the basis of materials found within archaeological sites, and external specialization on the basis of data recovered through regional analysis. Cities from the three eras also are evaluated from the perspective of the ordinary inhabitant through the examination of the social, religious, and economic factors that prompted and rewarded urban residence. While the Indus and Early Historic cities were attractive because of the networks of opportunity found there, Medieval cities additionally benefitted from a “push” factor as ordinary inhabitants allied themselves to urban areas in times of political stress and uncertainty.
相似文献
Monica L. SmithEmail: |