晋察冀抗日根据地基层干部待遇与廉政建设问题

晋察冀抗日根据地(亦称"晋察冀边区")干部待遇政策体现了廉洁、节俭的施政目标。边区政府在县区两级干部中实行低标准广覆盖的供给制,而对村干部则坚持不脱产不享受待遇的基本要求,造成各级基层干部生活水平和经济地位都维持了较低水准。不过,有不少基层干部常常会利用政策"漏洞"或乘上级监管不力之机攫取或多或少的"灰色收入",从而加重了边区民众负担和廉政建设任务。边区政府尽管未能从根本上彻底解决这些问题,但始终积极采取整顿财政、打击浪费、惩治贪腐等各种措施来纾解民负,并致力于建设"风清气正"的新型政治生态。     

20世纪30年代苏区卫生防疫运动述论

20世纪30年代,中国共产党建立的苏区革命根据地,为了保护军民健康、保障部队战斗力,开展了群众性卫生防疫运动,提出卫生防疫政策纲领,进行卫生宣传教育,厉行防疫活动,有效地防治了疾病,控制了瘟疫等传染性疾病的流行,保障了根据地的巩固发展,产生了积极的影响.     

从冷清到热烈——从华北根据地公历新年的变化看中共的社会动员

抗日战争及解放战争时期,中共领导的华北各根据地政府从密切"官"民关系,开展社会动员的需要出发,加强了对公历新年活动的组织领导。通过新年团拜、军民联欢等方式,中共以公历新年为契机,展现了政府和军队的亲民形象,推动了根据地中心工作的开展。与此同时,根据地各项建设事业的深入,政府和军队的民主作风和严明纪律,也都改变着民众对"官"的传统认知,使他们对公历新年这个官方节日做出了积极回应。华北根据地公历新年从冷清到热烈的变化,体现了中共利用现代节日符号开展社会动员的努力,也反映了根据地官民之间日益亲密的互动关系的形成。     

陕甘宁边区对“二流子”的改造

陕甘宁边区是中共抗日军队的大后方,也是全国其他根据地学习的榜样。1941年后由于日寇的猖狂进攻和国民党顽固派的经济封锁,陕甘宁边区遇到极大的经济困难,军备、生活物资十分匮乏。为改变这一被动局面,边区政府带领各界干部和群众积极参加大生产运动,不仅克服了暂时困难,而且有力地保卫了边区抗日政权。在大生产运动的同时,政府还十分重视对“人”的改造和教育,在全边区广泛掀起一场改造“二流子”的运动。     

抗战时期鄂豫边区的政权建设——以边区行政公署为中心

抗战时期,鄂豫边区的公署级政权经历了初建与发展的历程。从边区军政联合办事处到边区行政公署,无论其政权组织和基本职能的创建与演变,还是边区会议制度的建立与改进,都在探索与实践中不断发展。在建设边区行政公署的过程中,中国共产党始终坚持抗日民主政策,团结各党派、阶层人士,共同组建、改进政府与边区会议,并不断扩大广大民众的民主权利,实行民主决策和民主选举,促进了鄂豫边区抗日根据地的巩固与发展,完成了中共中央要求在武汉外围建立稳固抗日根据地的任务,也为其他抗日根据地政权建设提供了借鉴。     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区展览会与边区社会发展

改变落后的社会环境是抗日战争时期陕甘宁边区举办各种类型展览会的主要动机.展览会内容涉及到边区生产建设、文化艺术、学校教育等方面.边区的展览会有鲜明的时代特点和根据地特色:为配合当时的中心工作,边区政府通过展览会进行了广泛的社会动员.动员贯穿于展览会的筹备组织过程和展览内容、方式的选择等方面.展览会的举办促进了边区工农业生产和文化教育事业的发展;传播了科学知识,更新了民众的价值观念;拓宽了外部世界对边区的了解;培育了劳动光荣的观念,推动了边区社会的改造.     

中央苏区的防疫卫生运动

正土地革命时期,为了保障苏区军民的健康和革命战争的胜利,中央苏区从军队到地方、从中央到基层,自上而下开展了一场持久的、颇具声势的防疫卫生运动。尤其是中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府在瑞金成立后,每年年初都会召开研究卫生防疫工作的会议,逐步组建起各级卫生领导管理机构和医疗防疫机构,建立"预防为主"的卫生防疫机制。苏区广大工农群众被普遍地动员起来,全民     

国统区与革命根据地的卫生防疫工作

在中国,由政府主导大规模、有计划、有目的防疫工作起始于民国时期。中华民国政府基于西方科学理论建立卫生防疫组织,制定卫生防疫律令,推动了现代意义上的防治传染病的艰辛历程,但国统区的卫生防疫工作机构建设进度缓慢,主要集中于中心城市而无力顾及小城市和乡村,卫生防疫技术手段以西医为主,倚重卫生法规的作用,制度执行很有强制性。中共革命根据地的卫生     

谢觉哉与陕甘宁边区“三三制”政权的建立

谢觉哉在陕甘宁边区任政府秘书长、参议会副议长期间,对边区的政权建设做出了巨大的贡献,尤其是对边区"三三制"政权的建立呕心沥血,极大地阐释、发展和完善了"三三制"政权,使陕甘宁边区成为各抗日根据地建立"三三制"政权的模范。     

抗战时期根据地的疫病流行与群众医疗卫生工作的展开

抗日战争期间,日本帝国主义的侵略引起和加剧了各种传染病在中国各地的流行,造成大量人员死亡和生产力下降.人多是中国坚持长期抗战的基础,而病灾成为这个基础的严重威胁之一.在八路军控制的各根据地,起初由于各种条件的限制,主要关注于军队和党政机关的医疗卫生工作,而对群众医疗卫生工作重视程度不高.1943年以后各根据地普遍强调群众医疗卫生工作的重要性,初步建立了各级医疗卫生机构,提倡中西医合作,组织中医,建立医疗合作社,开展清洁卫生运动,在疫病流行时组织医疗队进行救治,取得了一定的效果.同时也加强了八路军与群众的联系,一定程度上普及了新的卫生知识,改变了乡村旧的医疗卫生习惯,并促进了乡村社会的政治动员.亦成为抗战时期乡村社会变迁的一个侧面,并为解放以后中国医疗卫生事业的发展积累了一定的经验.     

对玉树地震灾后卫生防疫工作的思考

2010年4月14日,玉树发生了7.1级强烈大地震,震中距人口密集城镇近,破坏力强。玉树是条件艰苦、环境恶劣、传染病多发地区,为确保大灾之后无大疫,国家、青海省、玉树州、玉树县迅速成立了相应的卫生防疫组,启动了自然灾害卫生应急一级响应,紧急调动卫生防疫力量,上下联动,全力做好地震灾区卫生防疫工作,实现了＂大灾之后无大疫＂的目标,为玉树的抗震救灾和灾后重建提供了卫生保障。     

检方施治:防疫方书与清代的疫情防控

抄录、编撰、刊印、传播、参阅防疫方书,是清代疫情期间常见的医疗实践活动。防疫方书的大量涌现是一次次疫病流行激发的结果,是疫情防控实践本身的重要组成部分。它们在染疫病人救治、防疫力量动员、防疫知识整合和普及等方面发挥着独特的媒介作用,是相关人、事、物实现链接和互动的一种重要途径,是人们积极主动地应对疫病、控制疫情、维护生命健康的一种"原动力"。相较于其他常见防疫举措,防疫方书深度参与到多种疫情防控实践中,实际构成了一种自发性、分散性、非制度性的疫病应对机制,具有成本低廉、传导性强、覆盖面广、溢出效应大等特征。     

Mortality and sanitary conditions in the "best governed city in the world"--Birmingham, 1870-1910.

The growth of population in nineteenth-century Britain has often been attributed to the decline in mortality during that period. Here the relationship between improvements in sanitary conditions and the fall in disease mortality is considered for one particular city in the period 1870–1910. Medical Officer of Health reports are used to show the spatiotemporal patterns of both a selection of fatal diseases and sanitary conditions in Birmingham in the 1880s. This evidence suggests that administrative developments in hospital provision, for instance, need to be combined with public health improvements in any explanation of mortality decline. Further, that poverty, as reflected by back to back housing, is more closely associated with high mortality than variables measuring sanitary conditions.     

Quarantine sovereignty during the pneumonic plague in Northeast China (November 1910–April 1911)

The pneumonic plague, which spread over Northeast China during the winter of 1910 and the spring of 1911, caused a great many deaths and brought about severe social turmoil. After compulsory quarantine and other epidemic preventative measures were enforced by the Russian and Japanese colonial authorities in both north and south Manchuria, the local government of Northeast China, lacking similar quarantine and epidemic prevention procedures, was under the threat of forced intervention. It had to establish modern public health agencies in a short time following the compulsory quarantine and epidemic prevention methods of the Russian and Japanese colonial authorities, although they caused many social conflicts and confrontations. In this respect, the quarantine and epidemic prevention measures that were implemented at that time can never be simply and absolutely labeled as “progressive.” However, a “sympathetic understanding” can be upheld for the sufferings of the common people, for the various unpleasant but necessary measures taken by the Chinese government in order to safeguard sovereignty and prevent Russian and Japanese intervention, and also for the transformation of public health systems later carried out because of lessons learned from this painful experience.     

城市化下的“卫生”困境与突破--论19世纪后半期美国城市公共卫生改革

19世纪后半期迅猛发展的美国城市化,使美国社会经济生活出现全方位的变化。同时,人口高度密集的城市环境导致公共卫生问题恶化,出现所谓的卫生危机,从而促发了城市公共卫生改革。此后,在美国城市的环境治理和疫病防治方面都出现系列性变化,城市公共卫生开始走上正轨。在此过程中,政府开始直接干预公共卫生,大众卫生意识得以强化,为美国城市卫生事业留下了宝贵遗产。     

Infection, contagion, and public health in late medieval and early modern German imperial towns

From today's point of view, the concepts of "miasma" and "contagion" appear to be two mutually exclusive perceptions of the spread of epidemic diseases, and quite a number of historians have tried to discuss the history of public health and epidemic diseases in terms of a progression from the miasmic to the contagionist concept. More detailed local studies, however, indicate how extremely misleading it may be to separate such medical concepts and ideas from their actual historical context. The article presented here, based on local studies in late medieval and early modern imperial towns in southern Germany, demonstrates to what extent the inhabitants of these towns had notions of both "miasma" and "contagion." Furthermore, a contextual analysis of language shows that they did not see a necessity to strictly distinguish between these different concepts relating to the spread of diseases. Tracing the meaning of "infection" and "contagion," we find that these terms were used in connection with various diseases, and that a change in the use of the expressions does not necessarily imply a change of the corresponding notion. Moreover, a coexistence of differing perceptions cannot--as some historians have suggested--be attributed to a divergence between the academic medicine and the popular ideas of that period. A survey of measures and actions in the public health sector indicates that a coexistence of--from our point of view--inconsistent concepts helped the authorities as well as the individuals to find means of defense and consolation during all those crises caused by epidemic diseases--crises that occurred very frequently in these towns during the late medieval and early modern periods. As the article demonstrates, the interaction during such crises reveals the continuity of ancient rituals and concepts as well as the adoption of new insights resulting from changes in the economical, political, scientific, religious, and social structures.     

明清以来的疫病应对与历史省思

明清时期,国家对疫病救疗虽有行动,但缺乏制度上的规定,日渐兴起的民间社会力量发挥了重要的作用。近代以降,国家逐渐建立了现代卫生防疫机制,应对疫病的观念也日渐积极。这些启示我们:第一,国家对救疫在制度上的缺失,既反映了传统国家在统治理念上缺乏对民众生命的真正关怀,同时也是承认自身能力不足的务实之举;第二,利用日渐兴起的民间社会力量,不仅有助于实际的疫病救疗,而且也实现了官民之间的良性互补;第三,现代卫生防疫机制的引建,实际也是国家权力的扩展与深化,虽然意义重大,但需充分重视其限度;第四,应历史和人文地认识传统时期多元的疫病和防疫观念;第五,畅达而有效的信息传递对于瘟疫的防治至关重要。     

Of plagues,planes and politics: Controlling the global spread of infectious diseases by air

In recent years, the implications of globalisation for the spread of infectious diseases has begun to emerge as an area of concern to political geographers. Unsurprisingly, much of the contemporary literature focuses on the multifarious threats posed by human and, increasingly, non-human mobility. Prompted by current geopolitical concerns surrounding the public health implications of regular international air travel, this paper extends such research by exploring the ways in which the technology of the aeroplane stimulated the production of new international sanitary initiatives aimed at safeguarding global public health in an era of mass aeromobility. By tracing the development of sanitary regulations for aerial navigation, from their origins in the 1920s through the twentieth century in particular, we document the emergence of a series of public health interventions that were designed to limit the public health threat associated with increased international air travel and the concomitant rise in the mobility of infectious diseases. From inoculation certificates to quarantine and the routine ‘disinsection’ of passenger aircraft with powerful insecticides, modern air travel is replete with a complex set of procedures designed to lessen the risks associated with flying between different climatic and ecological zones. Our detailed examination of the historical context in which these procedures were devised and implemented leads us to consider the importance of time and space, power and efficacy, to the development of a more nuanced understanding of the shifting public health response to an increasingly fluid, mobile, and inter-connected society.     

Revealing circumstances of epidemiologic transition among Indigenous peoples: The case of the Keg River (Alberta) Métis

Rates of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders are elevated among Indigenous peoples; however, no research has examined the origins of these diseases among the Métis. This case study documents a transition in lifestyle and health that affected the Keg River Métis of northern Alberta during the middle decades of the 20^th century. This community began to experience previously absent diseases, including obesity, heart disease, gestational and type 2 diabetes, and preeclampsia. This shift in disease burden appears tied to rapid socio‐cultural and economic change driven by a decline of traditional economic activities, access to government transfer payments and wage labour, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, and a growing availability of non‐traditional foods. This study points to earlier emergence of diabetes among Canadian Indigenous populations than commonly credited and presents the case for a rapidly evolving epidemic tied to environmental and cultural change. Underlying this were structural changes that emerged out of colonization.     

A forgotten plague

Dysentery, or rödsot, as the disease was previously known in Sweden, continues to be a major scourge in developing countries. However, the disease has almost disappeared in the West. Very different circumstances prevailed before infectious diseases declined as some of the major causes of death during the 19th century. In that era, 10,000 people could die of dysentery in a single year in Sweden. The demographic consequences of dysentery in Sweden and the causes of the disease and its disappearance are discussed in this article. It is shown here that despite the devastating effects of dysentery epidemics, most government actions were targeted at cholera. Considerable regional and local differences are revealed as the disease is mapped over Sweden. Clusters of high mortality formed, and even in hard-hit Jönköping County some parishes were almost never affected. It becomes apparent that the outbreaks have been the result of complex interactions between different variables and have led to widespread disease of uneven and often epidemic proportions.

For the statistical analyses the digitized source material of the Demographic Data Base (DDB) at Umeå University has been used, containing statistical demographic data gathered from parishes from all over Sweden. Other sources drawn upon include published statistical data, reports from district medical officers, newspapers, parish registers, and maps.