A MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF REMAINS OF TEXTILES MADE FROM PLANT FIBRES

Summary. Plant fibres in textiles from the following sites were investigated and those not already identified as flax were identified as such: Tybrind (Mesolithic Denmark)-unidentified; Çatal Hüyük (Neolithic Turkey); the Kerma civilization of Nubia (2000 BC); Kings Road, Guernsey (Iron Age) (mineralised cloth), and eighteenth-century England. Some Bronze Age nettle fabric from Denmark was examined.
The Scanning Electron Microscope provided an invaluable aid to identification, particularly in the mineralised material. Fibre diameter measurements in the form of distributions, like those used with wool, also assisted identification, but no evolutionary changes with time were evident in these. It was possible also to make such measurements on SEM photomicrographs of the mineralised fibres.     

三代时期出土柄形玉器研究

目次一柄形玉器的发现二柄形玉器的类型及其特征三关于柄形玉器的几个问题四结论夏商西周时期是中国玉器发展的成长阶段,随着各地之间的文化交流不断加强,玉器风格也趋于一致并不断创新。制玉工艺技术的进步大大提高了玉器制品的数量与质量,对后世影响深远的玉器礼制也完备于这一时期。柄形玉器是三代玉制品中出土数量最多的器形之一,大多呈扁平长条形,下端多有短而薄的榫,有的榫上有孔,由于用途不清楚,过去有人称之为琴拨、玉拨子。后来以其形似器柄     

日本在侵华战争时期对重庆政权的伪钞工作

1945年 8月日本投降后 ,大批的驻华军政机构日文档案留在了中国 ,其中有不少原是极密级的。日本投降后曾焚毁了一些 ,但仍有不少留存了下来。北京图书馆收藏了一大批 ,由于编目、开放程度等种种原因 ,至今未能对外公开开放。笔者这些年整理这批档案 ,在其中发现了极密级的“法币工作”卷 ,对于揭露日本在侵华战争时期对重庆政权的伪钞工作有至关重要的作用 ,故在此略述于下。日军入侵以上海为中心的华东地区后 ,强行发行军票 ,以为购买占领地物资的掠夺手段 ,当然会遭到占领地中国民众的抵制 ,在金融流通领域受到极大的限制。实际上国民党政…     

A COMPARATIVE ELECTRON MICROPROBE STUDY OF LERNA III AND IV CERAMICS AND LOCAL CLAY-RICH SEDIMENTS*

This study uses electron microprobe analysis of ceramic artefacts and local day-rich sediments and lithics to help address questions concerning the nature of the cultural change implied by ceramics from Lerna III and IV. It redresses the previous lack of a comparative collection of clay-rich sediments that adequately represents the local variation in clay and temper for the area surrounding Lerna. The resulting comparisons indicate that although they produced stylistically different ceramics, potters from both Lenta phases acquired their clays from the local Lerna area.     

宣统年造大清国币系列币模乃维也纳造币厂所制

清末开始引进机器制币后,各省自行其是,促使户部为整顿圜法而设置了造币总厂。在此统一币制的过程中,曾于宣统二年(1910年)依《币制则例》颁布后的型制,试制标示为“宣统年造” 与“大清银币”或“大清铜币”、单位为“圆、角、分、厘” 系列的标准国币。《中国钱币》2001年第3期刊载黄志明先生大作,在论及此系列     

A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF FARM OUTPUT IN SELECTED LAND-REFORM AREAS OF JAMAICA

The claim of many that certain features of Jamaican land reform discourage optimum increases in farm output has been pointed out. To test the argument, seven land-reform features, which meet methodological, theoretical, and practical restrictions, have been examined. An hypothesis derived mainly from agricultural- economic theory about the linear relation between each of the seven features and farm output per acre has been devised. The hypotheses have been tested with a multiple regression analysis of data from six land settlements selected to represent a variety of geographic settings. The hypotheses have been partially upheld, but must be revised in the following form: (1) in many cases, particularly in the early years of production, farm acreage is negatively related to output per acre; (2) in subsistence areas, where great diversity in agriculture is common, greater diversification leads to greater output per acre; (3) in most cases where farmers live an appreciable distance from their holdings (at least 0.3 miles), output per acre is negatively related to the distance; (4) output per acre declines as the age of operator increases, but only if the operator is mainly dependent on his own labour, and only after a relatively advanced age (60 years, perhaps) has been attained; (5) the number of a farmer's dependents does not affect output (gross income per acre); (6) a farmer's non-farm income does not exhibit a negative relation to output per acre, and may be positively related if the outside income can be used to purchase productive farm inputs; (7) in some cases acreage of additional land used is positively related to output per acre on settlement properties. Hopefully, further research will lead to a more rational basis for the formulation of these hypotheses. Using the regression equations, estimates have been made of the changes in output per acre which could have been achieved with feasible changes in relevant factors. Estimates indicate that current farm output could have been greatly increased in some settlements, thus justifying some of the criticism of Jamaican land reform.     

THE TECHNOLOGY OF GLAZED ISLAMIC CERAMICS USING DATA COLLECTED BY THE LATE ALEXANDER KACZMARCZYK

During the 1980s, the late Alexander Kaczmarczyk undertook the analysis of some 1200 glazed Islamic ceramics from Egypt, Iran, Iraq and Syria spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th centuries ad , using a combination of XRF for the glazes, and AAS or PIXE for the bodies. The aim of the present paper is, first, to bring to the attention of researchers into Islamic ceramics the fact that these analytical data are available on the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art website, and also that some 400 of the analysed sherds are held in the Research Laboratory. Second, the paper provides a preliminary interpretation of the analytical data in terms of the choice of glaze type (i.e., alkali–lime, lead–alkali and high‐lead), tin‐opacification, body type (i.e., quartz or stonepaste, calcareous clay, and non‐calcareous clay), and colorants.     

THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND GLAZE STUDIES OF A GROUP OF T'ANG DYNASTY CERAMICS

The application of the recently developed thermoluminescent method of pre-dose dating to thirty-seven glazed ceramics, purporting to have been manufactured during the T'ang Dynasty in China (a.d. 618–906), is reported. The modern origin of eight of these pieces is established. The remaining twenty-nine authentic pieces are discussed with respect to the accuracy of dating possible for such wares. The criterion for authenticity judgement commonly used for this material, that of glaze crackleur, is discussed critically and shown to be of only limited reliability.     

A NOTE ON THE DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS

Evidence is presented that the clay in ancient ware fired at a temperature below 700–800°C becomes rehydrated over the millennia, such that it behaves somewhat like an unfired clay, rendering DTA a useful tool in identifying the clay minerals present. More recent samples can be artificially rehydrated by heating in a steam autoclave.     

ON THE STUDY OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS BY MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Two Soviet regional planners test several spatial interaction models with particular reference to the Kuznetsk Basin (Kemerovo Oblast), the southern belt of West Siberia and a portion of the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Kray). Existing techniques, such as gravity and potential models, are found to work well in areas with relatively uniform settlement patterns, such as the steppe zone of Krasnodar Kray or the southern Ob'-Irtysh subregion of West Siberia, but not in areas with sharp contrasts in settlement patterns, such as the Kuznetsk Basin, where a linear highly urbanized belt is enclosed between sparsely populated mountains. In such contrasting settings, a combination of methods is required.     

THREE AND A HALF CENTURIES OF BOTTLE MANUFACTURE

Abstract

This paper looks at the development of the bottle glass industry in England. The production of bottles is considered from both a typological perspective and through the chemical composition of the glass used. Samples of bottles and bottle production debris from many different production sites have been analysed to determine their chemical composition. The changes in the social organisation of the industry are discussed in relation to the changing materials and technologies employed in bottle production.     

MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUDANESE NEOLITHIC CERAMICS

The archaeologist must often determine if ceramics having similar designs and forms but from widely separated locations were locally made or are the result of diffusion. This paper describes a methodology of technological analysis of ceramics utilised to solve such a problem. Results of a mineralogical analysis of ceramics and a discussion of the cultural implications of the results is presented. It is concluded that this methodology is an essential tool in distinguishing sites and elucidating relationships within the Sudanese Neolithic.