A STUDY OF THE ORDINANCE FOR THE MORE EFFECTIVE GOVERNING OF TIBET

In 1791 or the 56th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Korgas invaded Tibet for the second time. They did killing and looted the Tashilhungpo Monastery in Xigaze. Qing General Fukang'an was sent to drive the invaders out of Tibet. InAugust the next year, the Qing troops went deep into areas where the Korgas made home, forcing them to surrender.Based on this experience, the Qing general submitted a report to the Qing court. In 1793, the Qing court released the Ordinance for the …     

试论英国在廓尔喀两次入侵西藏中的角色问题(英文)

<正>In 1788, Gurkha invaded Tibet in the name of "silver-money trade conflict" for the first time. When Tibet local government responded in a flurry and the Ambans asked Qing court for help with urgency, Drungpa Hutoktu, the regent of Tsang, wrote to Lord Cornwallis to seek help in the name of Panchen Lama, keeping from the Ambans. Lord     

On the Relationship between the Central Government and the Local Government of Tibet in the Late Qing Dynasty

After the Opium War in 1840, China was more and more semi-colonized. Around the turn of the 20th century, the national strength of the Qing Empire was quickly weakening. As a result, the Qing Court exercised a weaker rule over Tibet, and its political relationship with Tibet was consequently affected. On the problems of how to resist foreign invasions and how to handle Tibet's internal affairs, the Qing Court and     

Tibetans＇ Fight Against British Invasion

Late in the 19th century, the Qing Central Governmentwas in a state of permanent decline, and its control oversome southwestern and northwestern areas suffered accordingly,making possible British and Russian incursions. In order to expand its sphereof influence and occupy all of Tibet,Britain clandestinely sent nominal preachers, tourists and explorers to explore for minerals in Tibet. Later,they managed to encroach on some of the adjacent countries of Tibet including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, paving the way for invading Tibet.     

The Qing Court's Troop Deployment in Tibet and Its Expenditure

1.Expenditure on troops stationedin Tibet(1) Source of military expenditureThe Qing court first stationed troops in Tibet inthe Yongzheng period (1723-1735).The purpose was toguarantee the safety of the Resident Minister of Tibet.According to Yue Zhongqi's memorial to the court inthe fifth year of the Yongzheng reign period (1727):“Ifno garrison troops were sent to Tibet,we had to main-tain armed forces in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces inconstant readiness for an emergency.At the same time     

以康治藏：七世达赖喇嘛移驻惠远寺与清朝的康藏经略（英文）

正When the"Tibetan War"2 broke out in May,1727,Tibet asked the Qing Court for help and the Qing court ordered Jalangga and Zhou Ying,with Qing troops,to rescue Tibet.After the event,Pho lha ba was titled the"prince"by the Qing Court and     

TANG SHAOYI AND SINO-BRITISH NEGOTIATION ON TIBETAN ISSUE

In December 1903, the British, cashing in on the Japan-Russia scramble for northeast China, sent troops into Tibet. They captured Gyangze in April the next year, and Lhasa in August. The British forced Tibet to sign the Lhasa Convention, with the aim of cutting Tibet off from Chinese territory. High Commissioner You Tai, stationed in Tibet by the Qing court, was coerced by the British to sign the Convention.When the Qing court was informed, Emperor Guangxu appointed Tang ambassador …     

Historical Relics and Qing Rule Over Tibet

In October 1720, when the Qing troops had driven the Zungar forces out of Tibet, the Qing court started to reform the govemment system of the region that was geared to control by Tibetans of the upper ruling class.     

News in Brief

<正>Scientists Begin Major Expedition in Tibet in 40 years China began its second scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to study changes in climate,biodiversity and environment over the past decades on June 17th.This time,the expedition will last five to ten years and the first stop will be Serling Tso in Nagqu.     

The Consolidation of the Suzerain-vassal Relationship between Tibet and Bhutan

Pho-lha-nas quelled the civil strife in Bhutan in 1730,and in 1734,and both sides of the conflict respectively dispatched envoys to Beijing to ask the Qing Court to confer honorific titles,which resulted in the final establishment of the Suzerain-vassal relationship between Tibet and Bhutan in the Qing Dynasty.However,the establishment of the political subordination relations did not necessarily eliminate the estrangement caused by the confrontations between Tibet and Bhutan in the past over 100 years.     

西藏改革开放的实践与探索(英文)

<正>1,Historic meaning of the Reform and Opening-up in Tibet The status and destination of a certain object altogether form its historic meaning.To understand reform and opening up in Tibet,we should first understand its historic meaning.There is more than one thousand years’written history in Tibet,and the whole history of Tibet can be summarized into"two summits"and two"four hundred years".The first summit is from early 7th century to mid 8th century when Songtsen Gampo established Tubo Dynasty,communicated with Tang Dynasty,learnt from inland in economic and cultural fields and deepened friendship between Tibetan and Han.     

QI ZHALA:A HEART IN CLOSE CONNECTION WITH THE MASSES

<正>In March of 2017,Beijing,just after the close of the annual conference of NPC and CPPCC,Qi Zhala,Chairman of the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region,received a joint interview from China's Tibet and Phoenix Satellite TV.The Highest Land Profoundly Attached to the Heart of the Chairman On January 15th,2017,during the fifth plenary session of the tenth People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region,Qi Zhala was chosen as the Chairman of the regional government.Around the time of the 2017 Spring Festival,Qi Zhala paid two visits to remote areas in Nagqu under     

My Work as Secretary General of the KMT Tibet Office(Ⅱ)

EDITOR'S NOTE: As World War II was about to end in the 1940s, the KMT Government built the Xikang-Tibet Highway and dispatched troops into the region, and Chiang Kai-shek appointed Shen Zonglian Director of the Tibet Office. The KMT Tibet Office remained in operation until in 1949, when the Tibetan government reacted to "drive the Hans out of Tibet." The author of the following story was secretary general of the KMT Tibet Office at that time. The following is the second part o…     

清代对西藏的军事管理与支出

The Qing court first stationed troops in Tibet in the Yongzheng period (1723-1735). The purpose was to guarantee the safety of the Resident Minister of Tibet.According to Yue Zhongqi‘s memorial to the court in the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign period (1727): “If no garrison troops were sent to Tibet, we had to maintain armed forces in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces in constant readiness for an emergency At the same timewe have to send officials to Tibet to protect the Dalai Lama. The court is now discussing sending a military officer to follow the imperial envoy to Tibet,     

西藏与布鲁克巴的宗藩关系巩固（英文）

正Pho-lha-nas quelled the civil strife in Bhutan in 1730,and in 1734,and both sides of the conflict respectively dispatched envoys to Beijing to ask the Qing Court to confer honorif ic titles,which resulted in the f inal establishment of the Suzerain-vassal relationship between Tibet and Bhutan in the Qing Dynasty.However,the establishment     

BRINGING THE WISHES OF PEOPLE IN TIBET TO BEIJING——Record on Members of National Committee of CPPCC from TAR in the 5th Session of 12th CPPCC National Committee

<正>Spring has come once again,and as the flowers begin to bud,Beijing welcomes members of the National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)from the Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)to participate in the 5th session of 12th CPPCC National Committee.These CPPCC members bring the proposals they have worked out based on their comprehensive investigations collected before their arrival in Beijing.The proposals are a compilation of the wishes and voices from the various different sectors of Tibet,and they aim to propel the initiative to develop the Tibet Autonomous     

New Books

Tibet during the Qing Dynasty and Bnlukpa The author,Dr.Thalho from the Ethnology and Anthropology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,wrote this book based on his wide-ranging and extensive study of historic literature in Chinese,Tibetan,Manchu and English.He sought to systematically analyze the complicated and uneasy relationship between Tibet during the Qing Dynasty and Bulukpa(today’s Bhutan).He offers a profound analysis of how the tributary system     

NEW BOOKS

Encyclopedia of Tibet The book came off the press at a time when the whole country was celebrating the 40th anniversary of the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The publication of the book, printed in colors, is a grand event in the history of cultural undertakings of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The book, the first of its kind ever published by a local press in China, runs to some 2 million words. It takes in some 1,200 entries and has more than 1,000 pictures and an index com…     

GALLERY OF THE FIRST CHINA TIBET TOURISM AND CULTURE INTERNATIONAL EXPO

<正>From September 25th to27th,2014,the First China Tibet Tourism and Culture International Expo,which is cosponsored by the State Culture Ministry,the National Tourism Administration,and the government of Tibet Autonomous Region,was held in Lhasa.During those three days,all forms of activities ranging from exhibitions and theme forums all the way to economic and trade     

An Encounter between the Qing Dynasty and Khoqand in 1759-1760： Central Asia in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

This paper examines negotiations involving the exchange of envoys between the Qing dynasty and Khoqand in 1759-60. The Qing made contact with Khoqand in order to bring rapid stabilization to the newly acquired western territories. Khoqand, on the other hand, established a relationship with the Qing in order to expand their authority over the Kirghiz, and to advance toward Bukhara. Irdana tried to take advantage of Qing authority for the purpose of expanding his territories, but at the same time, he appealed to the other Central Asian Muslims to engage with him in a ＂holy war＂ against the Qing. It is true that each power in Central Asia shared a sense of crisis in reaction to the Qing＇s sudden expansion to the west. However, we also need to examine the competition for hegemony among the powers under the pretext of opposition to the Qing＇s advance.