试论观台金代磁州窑

作为一个民间瓷窑,磁州窑原不为人所重,在当时名气也不大。民国九年钜鹿古城宋朝大观二年磁州窑器被发现以后,始引起国内人士的极大重视。有不少文物部门和专家前往该地,对观台遗址进行了调查和发掘,收获颇丰产。①尤其是１９８７年３月北京大学考古系与河北省文物研究所联合在观台遗址进行发掘,获取了更为丰富的第一手资料。此次共开挖探方、探沟１２个,总面积达４８０平方米。这次发掘面积虽然不大,但出土器物十分丰富,有完整或可修复的器物及遗物总计９０００余件,瓷片约３０万片,其中有６座保存较完好的古窑,１座大型石碾槽…     

Provenance of Zhangzhou export blue-and-white and its clay source

Trace element compositions of 25 shards of Chinese Late Ming export blue-and-white porcelain from Zhangzhou and Jingdezhen kilns are analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Principle components analysis and REE distribution curves are used to establish method for provenance unknown Chinese export blue-and-white porcelain which may have originated from Zhangzhou or Jingdezhen kilns. By matching the REE distribution curves of Zhangzhou kiln samples and parent rocks of the possible clay sources used to make Zhangzhou blue-and-white, and comparing it with previous results of geological, geochemical and archaeological researches, the clay used for producing Zhangzhou export blue-and-white has been identified as having been collected from the weathered shells of a nearby potassium feldspar miarolitic granite outcrop.     

The Compositional study of ceramic samples from tombs dating to the Zhou Dynasty at Xiaoshan,Zhejiang Province (China)

Xiaoshan in Zhejiang Province was an important ceramic production area in ancient China. During recent years, local archaeologists have found a number of mound tombs dating to the Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period. Many shards of stamped stoneware and proto‐porcelain have been unearthed from these tombs. In this paper, we report how we collected ceramic shards from tombs and samples from local ancient kilns as reference materials in order to clarify their relationship. We have used the energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence technique to analyse the chemical composition of the ceramic samples. The results indicate that some of the tomb artefacts may be imported from other production areas. We infer that the other tomb samples were produced at local kilns, but due to production process–related compositional differences, there are small differences in chemical composition between different categories of samples.     

安徽淮北烈山窑遗址发掘简报

烈山窑址位于安徽省淮北市烈山区烈山镇烈山村,2018年开始发掘,面积700平方米,分为三个区域:Ⅰ区金元窑址区域、Ⅱ区唐代末期至北宋窑址区域、Ⅲ区汉代窑址区。清理各类遗迹70余处,包括6座窑炉、52个灰坑、1条道路、14条灰沟,以及大量遗物,其中以白瓷、青釉瓷、三彩器为主,产品主要包括碗、盘、盏、罐、素烧建筑构件、黄釉印花砖等。烈山窑址很可能就是文献中记载的宿州窑,其主要受定窑、磁州窑和巩县窑的技术影响,时代划分为东汉、唐代末期至元代晚期。     

Tracing the origin of Chinese early white porcelain in the late sixth century—evidence from Xing kiln

As the criterion used by archaeologists for determining early white porcelain is quite ambiguous, the origin of Chinese white porcelain remains a point of disagreement. In this study, we systematically investigate 61 typical Xing porcelains of the late Northern dynasties to the early Sui dynasty (550–600 CE) using spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and analyze the differences between early white porcelain and celadon of Xing kiln in terms of their whiteness and raw materials characteristic. The results show that early white porcelain is a new type of ware that differs from celadon, which can be distinguished by whiteness, with a whiteness greater than 8% being early white porcelain and a whiteness less than 8% being celadon. It is assumed that the ancient potters created the whiter wares based on celadon by improving the glaze and selecting new raw materials for the body, but the production of this type of ware was short lived and subsequently refined in the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) owing to the limited improvement in whiteness.     

山东淄博磁村窑址调查

本文概述了磁村窑的釉色品种、装饰特征和烧造历史,分析了磁村窑与邻省窑口和本地窑口的关系,表明磁村窑所烧造的瓷器与北方广大地域内出现的装饰手法相呼应,特别受毗邻的河北、河南等北方著名窑口影响,在吸收它们制瓷技术的基础上,形成了自己的特色产品。同时还表明磁村窑与同处鲁西南的本地窑口所产瓷器的高度一致性。     

麻城上马石村宋墓清理简报

麻城上马石村宋墓位于麻城市木子店镇上马石村,于2000年12月清理发掘。该墓为一座石室夫妻合葬墓,墓葬被盗扰,但出土的瓷片有磁州窑、耀州窑、湖州窑的产品,反映其时瓷器制造业的繁荣。墓葬年代约在南宋中、晚期,墓主当为地方小吏或富绅。     

试述东北地区出土的金代瓷器

东北地区金代墓葬、城址、窖藏出土瓷器的类型主要包括定窑及本地窑场生产的白瓷(土产白瓷)、磁州窑风格的白地黑花瓷器、耀州窑青瓷、景德镇青白瓷器、黑(酱)釉瓷器、钧釉瓷器、翠蓝釉瓷器等。土产白瓷及白地黑花瓷的大量发现表明缸瓦窑、冮官屯窑等东北窑址在金代有新的发展,外来瓷器的大量输入则体现了金代东北与内地间的经济文化交流。     

A Study on the Elemental Composition of Chinese Mise Type Wares from Different Periods and Kilns

A large number of porcelain shards were unearthed at the Hehuaxin and Silongkou kilns around the Shanglin Lake, Ningbo, China, some of which had clear stratification to enable the determination of the date of firing. With the purpose of studying the elemental composition in different cultural periods and between kilns, the chemical compositions of 43 typical shards from these two kilns were determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results show that the mean contents of K₂O, CaO and MnO in the glaze fluctuate in different cultural periods at the Hehuaxin kiln, but not systematically. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that samples from the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song dynasty are similar to each other. This shows continuity in the raw materials and firing technology between the two dynasties. Comparing the mise type wares from the Hehuaxin and Silongkou kilns in the Northern Song dynasty, we found that MnO and ZrO₂ in the glaze can be used as fingerprinting elements to distinguish between samples from these two sites. In spite of this, their chemical compositions are broadly similar. Thus, perhaps, their chemical compositions can be taken as typical for those of the mise type wares produced around the Shanglin Lake.     

辽中京遗址采集细白瓷的成分分析及年代问题研究

为合理编制《辽中京遗址保护规划》,规划课题组对辽中京的历史沿革和遗址遗存进行了全面的调查、研究和评估。为此,采用能量色散X射线荧光(EDXRF)分析方法,对采集自内蒙古宁城县辽中京遗址的细白瓷进行了主量元素测定。所测数据与定窑、龙泉务窑细白瓷文献数据进行比较。统计显示所采细白瓷中67%落在定窑五代至北宋产品主成分区域内,说明遗址内细白瓷主要为辽代遗存,多产自北宋的定窑,充分反映了宋辽之间的密切交流。结合科技分析结果,推断城址内部分夯土遗存可以早至辽代晚期或金初。研究结果有助于确定辽中京遗址的辽代遗存,为保护规划的编制提供了科学依据。     

ICP-MS trace element analysis of Song dynasty porcelains from Ding,Jiexiu and Guantai kilns,north China

Bodies of Ding kiln white porcelains and their imitations from Guantai and Jiexiu kilns of the Chinese Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) were analysed for 40 trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Numerous trace element compositions and ratios allow these visually similar products to be distinguished, and a Ding-style shard of uncertain origin is identified as a likely genuine Ding product. In Jiexiu kiln, Ding-style products have trace element features distinctive from blackwares of an inferior quality intended for the lower end market. Based on geochemical behaviour of these trace elements, we propose that geochemically distinctive raw materials were used for Ding-style products of a higher quality, which possibly also underwent purification by levigation prior to use. Capable of analysing over 40 elements with a typical long term precision of <2%, this high precision ICP-MS method proves to be very powerful for grouping and characterising archaeological ceramics. Combined with geochemical interpretation, it can provide insights into the raw materials and techniques used by ancient potters.     

论浙江古窑址多种色釉瓷（二）

二.浙江黑釉瓷文博界传统观念认为浙江的黑瓷只有德清窑曾有烧造而且到南朝时期就已停烧。笔者发现浙江以上林湖窑为中心的周边宁、绍、杭等地区,从商周战国开始原始瓷的生产时已有黑褐色瓷,这是华夏黑釉瓷的始祖,到汉代它的制瓷工艺技术已很先进。汉代以黑为贵,     

简论明早期瓷器及相关问题

The author analysed the modelling, character and influence of porcelain of Jingdezhen official kilns from Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande Zhengtong, Jingtai and Tianshun period in early Ming Dynasty( 1368-1457)of Chinese history dependent on rich data in this article. Author indicated that the rulers of that time negated Yuan Dynasty by the Menggu Nationality meanwhile resumed the Confucian Culture of Song Dynasty and aesthetic standards of the Han Nationalyity and these ones were reflected obviously at porcelain of the official kilns.     

Tracing the origin of blue and white Chinese Porcelain ordered for the Portuguese market during the Ming dynasty using INAA

The existing documentary history of Chinese porcelain ordered for the Portuguese market (mainly Ming dynasty.) is reasonably advanced; nevertheless detailed laboratory analyses able to reveal new aspects like the number and/or diversity of producing centers involved in the trade with Portugal are lacking.In this work, the chemical characterization of porcelain fragments collected during recent archaeological excavations from Portugal (Lisbon and Coimbra) was done for provenance issues: identification/differentiation of Chinese porcelain kilns used. Chemical analysis was performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using the Portuguese Research Reactor. Core samples were taken from the ceramic body avoiding contamination form the surface layers constituents. The results obtained so far point to: (1) the existence of three main chemical-based clusters; and (2) a general attribution of the porcelains studied to southern China kilns; (3) a few samples are specifically attributed to Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou kiln sites. In a chronological point of view, for the studied samples we assist to an increasing improvement of the production procedure from late 15th till the 17th centuries of the Chinese porcelains sent to Portugal, especially enhanced by the association of late porcelains with refining processes of the original raw material, consistent with removal of more heavy minerals. In the case of some samples a kiln attribution was possible, but for the majority of the samples we haven't found yet the specific kilns.     

历代耀州窑釉料渊源关系的初步分析

耀州窑是我国古代名瓷窑。为了探讨历代耀州窑釉料之间的渊源关系,用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定古耀州瓷釉样品和耀州窑博物馆附近粘土矿样品中29种元素的含量,将这批NAA数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到动态模糊聚类分析图。结果表明：唐代的黑瓷釉原料产地非常集中,矿料成分单纯。宋代青瓷釉料配方比较稳定,五代青瓷具有承前启后的作用。金代月白釉料成分和宋代青瓷釉料接近。唐三彩蓝釉料与其他耀州瓷釉料来源明显不同。     

湖田窑考古新收获

本文着重介绍了景德镇湖田窑元代遗址最新考古发掘的材料,并通过对这些新材料的研究,认定湖田窑址所代表的窑场可能是元代浮梁磁局所属的官府瓷器作坊之一.除日用瓷外,建筑用瓷也是其主要产品。在釉色品种上,有青白釉器.卵白釉器、白釉器、黑釉器、青花、釉里红和低温彩瓷等。     

漫谈唐代青花瓷器（上）

中国是世界上最早发明瓷器的国家,也是青花瓷器的发源地和首创国,但是对青花瓷起源的认识一直比较模糊。最近几年,随着巩义唐三彩窑址、巩义白河窑址聊及郑州市上街区正岩公司工程项目中唐墓的发掘,唐代青花瓷名正言顺登上中国古陶瓷的殿堂,越来越引起陶瓷研究界和全国各界的关注,同时又促使一批研究成果问世。然而关于唐代青花瓷的有些问题也存在不同认识和盲区,     

Lichenometric dating and the nature of the excavation of the Huashan Grottoes,East China

The present study aims to identify the timing of the Huashan Grottoes' excavations using the lichenometric dating method. A total of 96 maximum inscribed circle diameters of Rhizocarpon geographicum growing on the ancient architectures and the walls of entrances are measured in the Huashan Grottoes area of southern Anhui, East China. The results show that the period of the grottoes' excavation is estimated to be 450–335 yr BP, or the middle and late Ming Dynasty (1552–1667 AD). The lichenometric dating results are also validated by a lithologic comparison of the grottoes and the surrounding ancient architectures, as well as by the studies on the historical documents and the fragments of ancient porcelain in the grottoes. Furthermore, we infer that the excavation of the inner grottoes might have lasted till the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912 AD), because the lichens chosen for dating are mainly at the grottoes' entrances. The wider significance of this work is that it demonstrates, for the first time, lichenometric dating can be applied in the historical studies on the ancient architectures in East China with a relatively warm and humid climate.     

临水窑与介休窑白底彩绘工艺的对比研究

白底黑花装饰风格的瓷器,始终是陶瓷、科技界和陶瓷爱好者关注的热点。临水窑(磁州窑)与介休窑白底黑花风格的瓷器之间有着密切的联系,但是对于两窑产品的科技分析甚少,至于两者的对比研究更是无从谈起。因此,本工作利用岩相分析、SEM-EDS等方法分析了临水窑(磁州窑)、介休窑样品的瓷胎、化妆土及瓷釉的化学成分和显微结构。比较分析显示,两窑样品的瓷胎均为低硅高铝配方,且介休窑瓷胎中的Al2O3含量更高;两窑瓷胎粗糙,Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高,致使其呈浅黄色。瓷胎表面均施有化妆土,所不同的是,介休窑的瓷胎表面施有两层化妆土,其靠近釉的一层化妆土(h2),Fe2O3、TiO2含量极低,靠近胎的一层化妆土(h1),Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高;临水窑样品的瓷胎表面仅施一层化妆土,其Fe2O3、TiO2含量较低,但高于介休窑近釉层化妆土中的相应含量。介休窑瓷釉为典型的高钙釉,而临水窑则为典型的碱钙釉和钙碱釉。不难认识到,介休窑似在临水窑白底黑花及化妆土工艺的基础上,因地制宜,勇于创新,形成了成本低廉、技术先进的两层化妆土工艺,在当地原料较为粗糙的条件下,生产出质量较好的白底釉下彩绘瓷器。     

安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉初步研究

本文利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪与电子探针能谱仪对安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉的显微结构、物相和化学组成进行了分析,并与同时期的湖北青山窑和江西景德镇窑青白瓷釉进行了对比研究,认为繁昌窑青白瓷釉属于钙系釉中钙釉类型,其瓷釉配方工艺与青山窑与湖田窑相似,应由一种“釉石”加入石灰石及草木灰制成。