The Water Resources of the Ob' River Basin

The original author of the great Siberian diversion scheme defends his views at a 1965 conference on multipurpose use of the water resources of the Ob' basin. Noting the development of West Siberia's oil and gas resources, which was just beginning to get under way, Davydov says it would be a mistake to base the local use of water resources solely on the interests of the oil and gas industry. He also rejects objections of the fishery industry to the construction of hydroelectric stations, and contends that the diversion of Siberian waters to the heavily populated and developed southern regions of the USSR will be essential to insure adequate water supply by the year 2000.     

Early Paleoindian Mobility and Watercraft: An Assessment from the Mississippi River Valley

Several researchers have suggested use of watercraft during the Early Paleoindian period 11,500 and 10,800 rcybp (13,400–12,700 cal B.P.), but none have brought empirical data to bear on this possibility. This paper addresses the potential for fluted point-making groups to have made and used boats circa 11,000 rcybp (13,000–12,800 cal B.P.). Fluted point data from a large region of the upper and central Mississippi River valley strongly suggest that the Mississippi River was a barrier to movement and that Early Paleoindians in the midcontinent did not routinely use watercraft.     

珠江流域稻作农业起源的再思考

农业起源一向被作为中石器时代的重要课题和新石器时代开始的标志而倍受考古学家的关注.在稻作起源的探索中,珠江流域被许多学者认为是中国乃至亚洲栽培稻的起源中心之一.借助于农业起源动力机制的理论探讨,认为稻作起源的＂华南中心说＂并不成立,无论是理论分析还是目前的考古材料,还不足以证明珠江流域是我国稻作农业起源的中心.     

Orinoquia: The Archaeology of the Orinoco River Basin

Orinoquia is one of the most important riverine ecosystems complexes of the world. However, it has been seldom recognized as an ecological or historical entity in general accounts of South American archaeology. This essay reviews systematically and comparatively the archaeology of Orinoquia, by discussing research done from the 1940s onwards in all the areas of the Orinoco Basin: the Andes, the plains or llanos, the Orinoco river proper, the highlands of Guayana, and the Delta. It is proposed that, in the last 20 years, there has been a sustained movement away from a traditional archaeology, concerned mostly with environmental determinism and cultural history, to new and pluralistic models that share, in spite of their diversity, a regional, long-term, and multidisciplinary approach.     

The DaVincis of dirt: Geoarchaeological perspectives on Native American mound building in the Mississippi River basin

The complexity of mound construction, as revealed through geoarchaeological analyses, indicates the cultural significance of mounds may be as well reflected in the earthen construction materials and their arrangement, as it is in the artifacts abandoned on their summits. We use geoarchaeological examples from three sites in the Mississippi River basin, Shiloh Mounds, Cahokia, and Poverty Point, to advocate a geoarchaeological approach that considers multiple scales from the regional soils and geomorphology, field observation of lithostratigraphic units, to the micro-scale identification of the mineralogy and soil development in order to decipher the source and processing of the soils and sediments. We focus on the use of five types of construction referred to here as: sod blocks, soil blocks, loaded fills, zoned fills and veneers. Also we address the selection and transportation of soils and sediments used in mound building and what these types of deposits reveal about the methods used to build mounds. These data can be used to evaluate and understand organization of labor, pace of construction, and mound appearance. We hold there is a considerable (although unquantified) difference between earth moving and mound building and that the construction of these important monuments required considerable knowledge, skill, planning, hard work, and attention to symbolic and ritual meaning.     

历史时期三川河湫水河流域的土地利用

本文探讨了近2000年来三川河、湫水河流域人口、耕地的发展史,初步结论是(1)从西汉到明中叶,农垦并非本区土壤侵蚀的主因,导致植被破坏和水土流失的主因是自然力与某些时期传统的过度放牧;(2)明弘治年间以后,本区人口逐步增加,开始垦种坡地;(3)清初施行“滋生人丁永不加赋”及“摊丁入亩”等鼓励政策,促进了人口和耕地的无限制增长;(4)清代到上世纪90年代的350年,由于人口飞跃增长,陡坡地大量开垦,是土壤侵蚀加速时期     

乌江流域土司时期文化环境审视

乌江流域土司时期的文化环境是该地社会进步、经济发展和民族团结的现实空间,地域特征极其鲜明。一是有深厚的人文积淀,二是强化的汉文化教育,三是开放的文化心态,四是丰富的物质资源,五是鲜明的民族风情,六是剧烈的社会动荡。笔者认为,理清乌江流域土司时期的文化环境,对挖掘该地深厚的土司文化资源,促进现今民族地区的经济发展、社会进步和民族团结具有十分重要的意义。     

柘皋河流域商周时期古遗址形态特征初步研究

结合相关文献资料对柘皋河流域商周时期遗址野外考察,辅以高分辨率遥感资料等对流域内遗迹形态要素、平面特征、微地貌形态等分析,经钻孔获取遗迹点垂直剖面资料分析,采集相关含碳土样进行测年分析,从形状、位置、面积、微地貌、内部结构特征、土质特征、与古水系关系等指标来分析柘皋河流域商周晚期遗址点形态特征,探究遗址点形态特征的形成原因。     

The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley: Foundations,florescence, and fragmentation

The development, florescence, and subsequent demise of an organizationally complex cultural system in the American Bottom, part of the central Mississippi River valley, spanned a little over half a millennium. Cahokia, the largest Precolumbian site in the United States, is located within this segment of fertile floodplain, as are many other subsidiary settlements that varied greatly in terms of their size, internal structure, and occupational histories. Numerous projects over the past 30 years have resulted in the rapid accumulation of considerable information and divergent interpretations about the nature of the societies represented archaeologically by a series of superimposed settlement systems.     

先楚湘西沅水流域城市萌芽问题初论

本文以湘西沅水流域为研究空间,通过对该流域早期人类活动、楚国的开辟经营以及楚秦东西对抗形势下窑头(楚黔中)古城、里耶古城和四方古城的建成理念进行历史性分析,阐释了该流域早期城市萌芽与形成的基本条件和直接动因。     

Spatial-Temporal Evolution of the Distribution Pattern of Neolithic Sites in Han River Basin,China

ABSTRACT

This study analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of 644 Neolithic sites in the Han River basin, China. The results showed that 31.06% of the Neolithic sites were distributed on low-altitude plains with an average altitude of 144.78 m; 22.98% were located on low platforms with an average altitude of 137.92 m, and 12.73% were distributed on low-altitude hills with an average altitude of 240.77 m. The aggregation fractal dimension (A), the proportion of pottery with carbon (PPMC) and the proportion of polished stone (PPST) were introduced to reveal the social development level. Meanwhile, the temperature anomalies (AT), total organic carbon content (TOC), total nitrogen content (TN), and carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) were used to reveal the environmental context. Then, the correlation coefficients (hereafter, R) between different indicators were calculated. The result showed that a stable and suitable natural environment was a prerequisite for social development in the Neolithic Age. The persistent improvement in the ability of human beings to identify, manipulate and utilise nature was observed in the Neolithic Age in Han River basin, which marked the transformation of human society from hunting to farming and the start of human interactions with the natural world over time.     

A bioarchaeological study of a Western Basin tradition cemetery on the Detroit River

Archaeological monitoring of construction in a Windsor city park on the Detroit River led to the discovery of an isolated cemetery containing the remains of eight individuals assigned to the Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition. At the request and consent of the contemporary First Nation community, tissue samples from five individuals were subjected to radiocarbon dating, mtDNA, and stable isotope analysis to confirm cultural affiliation and further understand the subsistence practices of these people. Radiocarbon dating placed the cemetery at the transition from the Younge phase (AD 900–1200) to the Springwells phase (AD 1200–1400). The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results provide an unexpected but fuller understanding of Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition subsistence. All individuals were as enriched in carbon as those found on Iroquoian horticulturalist sites to the east, suggesting a very high reliance on maize. Nitrogen isotope values indicate that the protein component of the diet was comprised largely of high trophic level food sources, likely fish. An in situ osteological analysis identified a high number of carious lesions in the visible teeth, also suggesting a diet high in carbohydrates. The mtDNA findings support the antiquity of the Western Basin presence in Northeast North America through genetic links with the Hind Site, an Archaic site in southern Ontario. These results underscore the importance of such studies for providing novel insight into the archaeological histories and lifeways of this distinct Late Woodland tradition. This study also emphazises the need to work with descendant communities to provide them with information on the past that reflects their distinct heritage in the lower Great Lakes region.     

Reconstruction of the Bulgobac Glacial System,Pieman River Basin,Western Tasmania

During the Early Pleistocene Bulgobac Glaciation, a piedmont glacial system extended into the valleys west of the West Coast Range of Tasmania. The ice that fed this extensive system originated mainly to the south and east on the western Central Highlands and northern Tyndall Mountains. The palaeo-equilibrium line lay to the east of the West Coast Range. Reconstruction of the palaeoglacial system indicates that ice-surface gradients reached only ~10–15 m km^-1 over much of the system to the west of the equilibrium line, although the ice fronts were steep and rapidly ablating. The nature of the piedmont glacier is consistent with the build up of ice behind the topographic barrier of the West Coast Range. This would have resulted in ice thickening, maintained and perhaps accentuated by high precipitation as well as by the location of the equilibrium line well to the west of the western Central Highlands.     

清代滏阳河流域水资源的管理、分配与利用

清代滏阳河流域各县筑闸引水灌溉农田 ,但各县存在着激烈的争水矛盾。清代国家和地方政府发挥其社会职能 :调整行政区划 ,促进水资源流域内统一管理 ;建立分水制度 ,调节了共同用水和均平用水。这些 ,对今日北方经济社会的可持续发展是有启示意义的。     

试论史前时期长江流域随葬猪下颌骨习俗

长江下游西部北阴阳营文化、薛家岗文化随葬猪下颌骨的习俗比较广泛,汉水流域甚至发展为主要以猪下颌骨随葬的葬仪。随葬猪下颌骨所彰显的财富与地位特征逐渐变强后再渐弱。距今7000年左右,即在随葬猪下颌骨的最初阶段,只体现出一定的财富属性。距今6000—4500年,随葬猪下颌骨隐含的财富与地位特征最强。之后,这种习俗渐趋消失,与财富、地位的关联性也微乎其微。随葬猪下颌骨的习俗可能是与黄河流域社会上层交流的要素之一。     

清代淮河流域商业重镇亳州境内的徽商——以乾隆、光绪《婺源县志》为中心的考察

清代亳州境内的徽商以婺源籍的商人占主体,他们的经营活动具有较为明显的宗族化和地域化的倾向。他们在致富后,积极参与地方公益事业,用实际行动回报社会,形成了徽商与亳州地方社会的良性互动。     

铜仁锦江流域先秦时期遗址发掘的主要收获

2010年3～5月,贵州省文物考古研究所等单位对贵州省东部铜仁市锦江流域的磨刀湾、笔架冲、方田坝等遗址进行了发掘和试掘,此次工作是建国以来在贵州省锦江流域首次进行的系统考古发掘工作,获得了一批夏商、西周、两汉和宋明清时期的考古资料,具有重要的学术意义.本文着重介绍此次考古发掘中先秦时期遗存的主要收获,并对其学术意义展开初步讨论.     

A River Runs Through It: Landscape and the Evolution of Bronze Age Networks in the Carpathian Basin

The homogeneous and circumscribed character of the Carpathian Basin makes it an ideal setting for examining the interplay of topography and resource distribution in the development of Bronze Age social networks. Such networks include both systems of settlement and land use, and the patterns of interconnection between communities and regions that facilitate trade and exchange. Drawing on new excavations and increasingly common radiocarbon dates within the region, the alteration in these networks from earlier Copper Age and Neolithic patterns can be traced. It is suggested that the substantial river systems of the region provided the principal axes for the movement of goods during the Bronze Age and that control of these water routes was contested among neighboring communities and polities. It is further argued that contrastive overland trade connections also developed which, at least initially, transported distinct materials. Later, these overland connections undermined and superseded the pre-existing riverine systems.     

康乾时期关于治理下河地区的两次争论

黄河南侵夺淮后 ,下河地区始受水患。本文主要以清官书、档案、方志等基本史料为依据 ,对发生在康熙和乾隆朝的围绕下河地区水患问题的两场争论进行了论述和分析 ,并指出清前期的治河方案决策开始时受用人思想、地区利益、朋党之争等多种因素的综合影响 ,后来转变为以技术为主要的影响因素。